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History HL > Russia 1853-1936 > Flashcards

Russia 1853-1936 Flashcards

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1
Q

1853-56

A

Crimean war

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2
Q

1855

A

Alexander II comes to the throne

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3
Q

1861

A

Edict of Emancipation of the serfs

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4
Q

1881

A

Alexander II assassinated

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5
Q

1864

A

Zemstva formed

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6
Q

1855-81

A

Over 13400 miles of railway built

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7
Q

1866

A

Attempt on Alexander II’s life

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8
Q

1863

A

Polish revolt

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9
Q

1890

A

Zemstva act meant reduced peasant representation

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10
Q

1881

A

Okhrana established

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11
Q

1892

A

Municipal Government Act meant local self government was subject to constant interference by government

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12
Q

1881

A

Statute published giving government far-reaching powers with regard to civil liberties

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13
Q

1886

A

Higher education for women closed

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14
Q

1887

A

Lenin’s brother Alexander executed

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15
Q

1887

A

Increase in university and secondary school fees excluded all but the wealthy

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16
Q

1890

A

New curriculum reduced time studying latin and greek (Russification)

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17
Q

1885

A

Minister of justice given increased disciplinary powers over the judiciary

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18
Q

1889

A

Crimes against state officials were to be heard in special courts without jury

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19
Q

1897

A

Census shows that only 21% of population literate

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20
Q

1889

A

Volost justices (exclusively for peasants) abolished

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21
Q

1886

A

Poll tax ended

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22
Q

1889

A

Land Captains replaced the elected Justices of the Peace. They could suspend verdicts and cancel decisions

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23
Q

1891

A

350 000 die in famine due to weather and epidemics of cholera and typhus

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24
Q

1883

A

Peasant land bank provides cheap loans to buy land

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25
Q

1882

A

Factory legislation where women and children’s working hours are reduced

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26
Q

1897

A

Witte introduces new rouble linked to the gold standard - in the hope that it would increase investors’ confidence

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27
Q

1892

A

Trans-Siberian railway started

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28
Q

1904

A

Trans-Siberian railway completed. Connected Moscow and Vladivostok

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29
Q

1881

A

Alexander III comes to throne

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30
Q

1886

A

revival of People’s Will

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31
Q

1892

A

Witte’s rapid industrialisation programme begins

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32
Q

1894

A

Nicholas II comes to throne

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33
Q

1896

A

Witte encouraged migration to Siberia

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34
Q

1897

A

Bund (Jewish socialist organisation) formed and Lenin exiled to Siberia

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35
Q

1898

A

Plekhanov - Marxist - founds Social Democratic Workers’ Party

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36
Q

1899

A

Minister of Education assassinated and control over universities tightened by making them wear uniforms

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37
Q

1900

A

90% of finance behind mining and metallurgy came from foreign investment

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38
Q

1902-04

A

Peasant attacks on landlords in Poltava and Kharkov districts

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39
Q

1901

A

Lenin publishes ‘What is to be done?’ emphasising elite party and revolution

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40
Q

1901

A

Chernov founds Social Revolutionary party - terrorist factions form

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41
Q

1902

A

Witte issues Martial Law and from thereon in dubbed ‘the hangman’

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42
Q

1903

A

SDs split in to Bolsheviks (Lenin) and Mensheviks (Martov)

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43
Q

1904

A

Outbreak of Russo-Japanese War (until 1905)

44
Q

1904

A

SRs assassinate Plehve

45
Q

Jan 05

A

Revolution - begins with strikes at Putilov iron works but spreads to whole of Russia and epitomised on Bloody Sunday

46
Q

oct 1905

A

October Manifesto issued and Kadets and Octobrists formed

47
Q

1905

A

Ultra-conservative nationalists called ‘The Black Hundreds’ attack Jews

48
Q

1906-11

A

Stolyepin’s agrarian reforms ended redemption payments - encouraged migration to Siberia - set out to end Mir system and strip farming.

49
Q

1906

A

First Duma. Short lived because of too many divisions

50
Q

1906

A

Fundamental Laws gave ‘Supreme Autocratic Power’ to Tsar giving him right of veto. Could still govern by decree

51
Q

1906

A

Stolyepin introduces Martial law

52
Q

1906-07

A

Stolyepin introduces measures to restore the peasants’ sense of security by ending strip farming

53
Q

1909

A

saw a peak in the number of peasant households that set up independen farms - 580000

54
Q

1912

A

Lena Goldfields incident where miners demanded better pay and conditions but were met by Okhrana

55
Q

1914

A

Outbreak of WW1

56
Q

1915

A

Progressive Bloc formed of Kadets

57
Q

sep 1915

A

Tsar Nicholas II becomes commander-in-chief on the front line.

58
Q

dec 1916

A

Rasputin murdered

59
Q

1913-16

A

price of salt rose by 483%

60
Q

march 1917

A

Tsar Nicholas II abdicates on the 15th

61
Q

march 1917

A

Nicholas’ brother Grand Duke Michael refuses the crown on the 16th

62
Q

june 1916

A

Brussilov offensive. initially successful against Germans and relieved the French at Verdun

63
Q

1900 and 1902

A

Poor harvests, leading to starvation and violence in the countryside

64
Q

after 1902

A

economic slump

65
Q

jan 1905

A

Lost Port Arthur in Russo-Japanese war

66
Q

1904

A

Liberal groups set up ‘Union of Liberation’ in St Petersburg

67
Q

1907

A

Second Duma. Dissolved with little achievements

68
Q

1907 - 1912

A

Third Duma. Successful with setting up schools and national insurance for industrial workers

69
Q

1912 - 1914

A

Fourth Duma. Dissolved because of war

70
Q

april 1917

A

USA enters WW1 giving Russia (and allied powers) hope of victory

71
Q

june 1917

A

First all-Russian congress of soviets meet in Petrograd

72
Q

june 1917

A

June offensive against Austria - huge losses (400,000) and desertions and mutinies

73
Q

8th july 1917

A

Kerensky becomes PM and moves ino Winter Palace

74
Q

5th July 1917

A

Provisional government troops cleared the streets of Bolshevik protestors

75
Q

25th oct 1917

A

Second All-Russian congress of Soviets: Lenin giving his government the stamp of legitimacy

76
Q

24th oct 1917

A

Kerensky sent troops to arrest Bolsheviks and shut down Bolshevik newspapers

77
Q

aug 1917

A

Kornilov Coup - Bolsheviks now armed and army had little faith in provisional government

78
Q

April 1917

A

April theses as Lenin returns from Switzerland in a sealed train - Germany also wanted to end the war with Russia

79
Q

nov 1917

A

Decree on land. Abolished private property

80
Q

nov 1917

A

Decree on workers’ control - instructed workers’ committees to maintain strict order in the workplace. Vesenkha (supreme council of the national economy) was set up to oversee it

81
Q

june 1918

A

decree on nationalisation - banks, factories, railways and mines were nationalised

82
Q

july 1918

A

new constitution introduced - sovnarkom (bolshevik govt) at top, then congress, then local soviets

83
Q

1919

A

power divided in to two sub-committees: Politburo (high policy) and Orgburo (internal administration)

84
Q

mar 1918

A

treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany - devastating losses and harsh terms for Russia

85
Q

jan 1918

A

red army established

86
Q

may 1918

A

conscription to red army introduced

87
Q

jul 1919

A

Trotsky offers his resignation because of criticism but is refused

88
Q

mar 1921

A

Treaty of Riga (establishing Polish-Russian border) signed

89
Q

mar 1921

A

peace treaty of Riga signed by Russia and Poland - established border

90
Q

mar 1921

A

Kronstadt uprising; Bolsheviks show their strength in a bloody battle against the Kronstadt sailors

91
Q

june 1918 - nov 1920

A

Russian Civil war; reds vs whites

92
Q

dec 1922

A

U.S.S.R established

93
Q

jan 1924

A

Lenin dies; power struggle ensues

94
Q

1918

A

Red terror

95
Q

1921

A

New Economic Policy (NEP) established. Followed by Kronstadt uprising and heavily cricised by many -replaced by Stalin’s Five Year Plan in 1928

96
Q

1918-21

A

War Communism

97
Q

1922

A

Stalin made general-secretary of the communist party

98
Q

1919

A

Stalin becomes head of the Orgburo (organisation)

99
Q

1925

A

Trotsky removed from position on War Commissar

100
Q

1928-32

A

First Five Year plan. End of NEP; emphasis on rapid industialisation. In reality, most targets were not met

101
Q

1926

A

Treaty of Berlin with Germany. Both countries pledged neutrality if they were to be attacked

102
Q

1929

A

Trotsky exiled

103
Q

by 1940

A

Entire politburo had been purged/wiped out

104
Q

1929

A

Kolkhoz (collective farms) established.

105
Q

1932-33

A

Holodomor. Worst famine in Russia’s history, 11 MILLION dead in the Ukraine - seen by many as genocide as Stalin continued the grain requisitioning and collectivisation

106
Q

1936

A

Zinoviev and Kamenev executed in ‘Show Trials’

107
Q

1934

A

Assassination of Kirov (suspicious as to who did it - could have been on Stalin’s orders). Provided a pretext for the purges of the 1930s

History HL (10 decks)

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