Russia 1853-1936 Flashcards
1
Q
1853-56
A
Crimean war
2
Q
1855
A
Alexander II comes to the throne
3
Q
1861
A
Edict of Emancipation of the serfs
4
Q
1881
A
Alexander II assassinated
5
Q
1864
A
Zemstva formed
6
Q
1855-81
A
Over 13400 miles of railway built
7
Q
1866
A
Attempt on Alexander II’s life
8
Q
1863
A
Polish revolt
9
Q
1890
A
Zemstva act meant reduced peasant representation
10
Q
1881
A
Okhrana established
11
Q
1892
A
Municipal Government Act meant local self government was subject to constant interference by government
12
Q
1881
A
Statute published giving government far-reaching powers with regard to civil liberties
13
Q
1886
A
Higher education for women closed
14
Q
1887
A
Lenin’s brother Alexander executed
15
Q
1887
A
Increase in university and secondary school fees excluded all but the wealthy
16
Q
1890
A
New curriculum reduced time studying latin and greek (Russification)
17
Q
1885
A
Minister of justice given increased disciplinary powers over the judiciary
18
Q
1889
A
Crimes against state officials were to be heard in special courts without jury
19
Q
1897
A
Census shows that only 21% of population literate
20
Q
1889
A
Volost justices (exclusively for peasants) abolished
21
Q
1886
A
Poll tax ended
22
Q
1889
A
Land Captains replaced the elected Justices of the Peace. They could suspend verdicts and cancel decisions
23
Q
1891
A
350 000 die in famine due to weather and epidemics of cholera and typhus
24
Q
1883
A
Peasant land bank provides cheap loans to buy land
25
1882
Factory legislation where women and children's working hours are reduced
26
1897
Witte introduces new rouble linked to the gold standard - in the hope that it would increase investors' confidence
27
1892
Trans-Siberian railway started
28
1904
Trans-Siberian railway completed. Connected Moscow and Vladivostok
29
1881
Alexander III comes to throne
30
1886
revival of People's Will
31
1892
Witte's rapid industrialisation programme begins
32
1894
Nicholas II comes to throne
33
1896
Witte encouraged migration to Siberia
34
1897
Bund (Jewish socialist organisation) formed and Lenin exiled to Siberia
35
1898
Plekhanov - Marxist - founds Social Democratic Workers' Party
36
1899
Minister of Education assassinated and control over universities tightened by making them wear uniforms
37
1900
90% of finance behind mining and metallurgy came from foreign investment
38
1902-04
Peasant attacks on landlords in Poltava and Kharkov districts
39
1901
Lenin publishes 'What is to be done?' emphasising elite party and revolution
40
1901
Chernov founds Social Revolutionary party - terrorist factions form
41
1902
Witte issues Martial Law and from thereon in dubbed 'the hangman'
42
1903
SDs split in to Bolsheviks (Lenin) and Mensheviks (Martov)
43
1904
Outbreak of Russo-Japanese War (until 1905)
44
1904
SRs assassinate Plehve
45
Jan 05
Revolution - begins with strikes at Putilov iron works but spreads to whole of Russia and epitomised on Bloody Sunday
46
oct 1905
October Manifesto issued and Kadets and Octobrists formed
47
1905
Ultra-conservative nationalists called 'The Black Hundreds' attack Jews
48
1906-11
Stolyepin's agrarian reforms ended redemption payments - encouraged migration to Siberia - set out to end Mir system and strip farming.
49
1906
First Duma. Short lived because of too many divisions
50
1906
Fundamental Laws gave 'Supreme Autocratic Power' to Tsar giving him right of veto. Could still govern by decree
51
1906
Stolyepin introduces Martial law
52
1906-07
Stolyepin introduces measures to restore the peasants' sense of security by ending strip farming
53
1909
saw a peak in the number of peasant households that set up independen farms - 580000
54
1912
Lena Goldfields incident where miners demanded better pay and conditions but were met by Okhrana
55
1914
Outbreak of WW1
56
1915
Progressive Bloc formed of Kadets
57
sep 1915
Tsar Nicholas II becomes commander-in-chief on the front line.
58
dec 1916
Rasputin murdered
59
1913-16
price of salt rose by 483%
60
march 1917
Tsar Nicholas II abdicates on the 15th
61
march 1917
Nicholas' brother Grand Duke Michael refuses the crown on the 16th
62
june 1916
Brussilov offensive. initially successful against Germans and relieved the French at Verdun
63
1900 and 1902
Poor harvests, leading to starvation and violence in the countryside
64
after 1902
economic slump
65
jan 1905
Lost Port Arthur in Russo-Japanese war
66
1904
Liberal groups set up 'Union of Liberation' in St Petersburg
67
1907
Second Duma. Dissolved with little achievements
68
1907 - 1912
Third Duma. Successful with setting up schools and national insurance for industrial workers
69
1912 - 1914
Fourth Duma. Dissolved because of war
70
april 1917
USA enters WW1 giving Russia (and allied powers) hope of victory
71
june 1917
First all-Russian congress of soviets meet in Petrograd
72
june 1917
June offensive against Austria - huge losses (400,000) and desertions and mutinies
73
8th july 1917
Kerensky becomes PM and moves ino Winter Palace
74
5th July 1917
Provisional government troops cleared the streets of Bolshevik protestors
75
25th oct 1917
Second All-Russian congress of Soviets: Lenin giving his government the stamp of legitimacy
76
24th oct 1917
Kerensky sent troops to arrest Bolsheviks and shut down Bolshevik newspapers
77
aug 1917
Kornilov Coup - Bolsheviks now armed and army had little faith in provisional government
78
April 1917
April theses as Lenin returns from Switzerland in a sealed train - Germany also wanted to end the war with Russia
79
nov 1917
Decree on land. Abolished private property
80
nov 1917
Decree on workers' control - instructed workers' committees to maintain strict order in the workplace. Vesenkha (supreme council of the national economy) was set up to oversee it
81
june 1918
decree on nationalisation - banks, factories, railways and mines were nationalised
82
july 1918
new constitution introduced - sovnarkom (bolshevik govt) at top, then congress, then local soviets
83
1919
power divided in to two sub-committees: Politburo (high policy) and Orgburo (internal administration)
84
mar 1918
treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany - devastating losses and harsh terms for Russia
85
jan 1918
red army established
86
may 1918
conscription to red army introduced
87
jul 1919
Trotsky offers his resignation because of criticism but is refused
88
mar 1921
Treaty of Riga (establishing Polish-Russian border) signed
89
mar 1921
peace treaty of Riga signed by Russia and Poland - established border
90
mar 1921
Kronstadt uprising; Bolsheviks show their strength in a bloody battle against the Kronstadt sailors
91
june 1918 - nov 1920
Russian Civil war; reds vs whites
92
dec 1922
U.S.S.R established
93
jan 1924
Lenin dies; power struggle ensues
94
1918
Red terror
95
1921
New Economic Policy (NEP) established. Followed by Kronstadt uprising and heavily cricised by many -replaced by Stalin's Five Year Plan in 1928
96
1918-21
War Communism
97
1922
Stalin made general-secretary of the communist party
98
1919
Stalin becomes head of the Orgburo (organisation)
99
1925
Trotsky removed from position on War Commissar
100
1928-32
First Five Year plan. End of NEP; emphasis on rapid industialisation. In reality, most targets were not met
101
1926
Treaty of Berlin with Germany. Both countries pledged neutrality if they were to be attacked
102
1929
Trotsky exiled
103
by 1940
Entire politburo had been purged/wiped out
104
1929
Kolkhoz (collective farms) established.
105
1932-33
Holodomor. Worst famine in Russia's history, 11 MILLION dead in the Ukraine - seen by many as genocide as Stalin continued the grain requisitioning and collectivisation
106
1936
Zinoviev and Kamenev executed in 'Show Trials'
107
1934
Assassination of Kirov (suspicious as to who did it - could have been on Stalin's orders). Provided a pretext for the purges of the 1930s
