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History HL > Germany > Flashcards

Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Particularism

A

Loyalty to the ruler of the state, not the Holy Roman Emperor

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2
Q

Religion before 1815

A

Divided between Catholics and Protestants (Lutherans)

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3
Q

Upper class’ nickname

A

Junkers (Young Lords) ruled land and peasants but gave service to the state

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4
Q

Date that Napoleon defeats Frederick II’s Prussia

A

1806

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5
Q

War of the Third Coalition (France vs. Austria and Prussia)

A

1805-1807

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6
Q

Results of the war of the Third Coalition

A

HRE abolished replaced with Confederation of the Rhine.
In return for taxes to Napoleon, larger states could take over smaller territories.
Napoleon’s brother Jerome given Westphalia.
Patriotic resistance against the French began to augment.

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7
Q

The defeat of Napoleon

A

Napoleon went in to Russia in 1812, lost. Weaknesses taken advantage of by Austria and Prussia, allied with Russia and England beat Napoleon in 1814

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8
Q

Heinrich von Stein and Karl August von Hardenburg’s reforms

A

1807- serfdom abolished.
von Scharnhorst (Army) promotion by merit introduced.
1814- Landwehr citizen army
Assembly formed (dominated by nobles).
Educational reforms under von Humbold
Prussian legal codes (based on code of Napoleon 1804) introduced equality and simplified law systems.

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9
Q

The Bund confederation

A

1814-15 39 independent states in a loose confederation dominated by Austria

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10
Q

Congress of Vienna terms

A

1814-15

  • Bund.
  • 17 member Diet (assembly of the bund).
  • Austria gained land
  • Prussia gained land
  • France allowed to keep Alsace and Lorraine (even though Prussia wanted them)
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11
Q

Austria’s land gains from congress of Vienna

A

Emerged as dominant power, valuable lands in:

Italy, Galicia, Salzburg and The Tyrol, the Voralberg, Lombardy, Venetia, the Adriatic Coast

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12
Q

Prussia’s gains from Vienna

A

Valuable economic land rich in coal and iron ore, Rhineland.

Left feeling inferior after Austria dominated.

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13
Q

Unity by 1815?

A

The bund meant that fewer states caused greater unity, but no German nationalism yet.

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14
Q

Liberalism

A

Liberal change, constitutional rule, new German nation and more unity.

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15
Q

Economic growth as a force for change

A 
After 1815:
Population increases. 
New factories and production techniques.
Modern farming methods.
Canals and railways (1829).
Increased European trade.
Prussia grew rapidly, shifting power.
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16
Q

Forces opposing change in 1815

A
  • PANSDRUGL
  • predominantly agricultural still
  • Austria powerful enough to suppress
  • nationalism seen as a dangerous revolution to the princes and kings
  • strong respect for authority and conservative militaristic heroes
  • distrust of Prussia (in Hanover)
  • religious division
  • unanimous vote of Bund required
  • Gross/Kleindeutschland
  • language divisions
17
Q

Nationalism in Napoleonic era

A
  • Friedrich Jahn Gymnastics club 1811
  • Johann Fichte ‘Addresses to the German Nation’ 1807-8
  • Ernst Moritz Arndt popular nationalist writer ‘The Spirit of the Age’ 1806
  • Free Corps 1813 30,000 volunteers
18
Q

Student Nationalism

A

Burschenshaften founded in 1815.
October 1817 Wartburg castle nationalistic movement began.
1819 Karl Sand murdered August von Kotzebue a conservative playwright.

19
Q

Carlsbad decrees

A
  1. Metternich tightened censorship and controlled universities. Nationalism seemed to abate.
20
Q

Subterranean nationalism

A

After 1832.

By 1847 three were 85,000 gymnast members. 100,000 singing club members.

21
Q

Handbach Castle nationalist March

A

22 May 1832. 25,000 nationalists. Troops attacked. Repressive six articles, then Ten Acts were then brought in

22
Q

Cultural Nationalism

A
  • greater awareness of German culture among broad middle classes.
  • German folklore, brothers Grimm.
  • distinct German music, Beethoven and Schubert, Wagner.
  • Schinkel’s architecture, distinct classical style
  • von Ranke’s History of Germany 1824
23
Q

Significance of the Zollverein

A
  • Friedrich Engels, Helmut Bohme ‘first step towards a politically united Germany, Prussia natural leader (Austria excluded) allowed expansion of Prussia.’
  • James Sheehan ‘economically beneficial but not politically, nations still sided with Austria in 1866, too many obstacles still there’
24
Q

How many small states in the HRE

A

250

25
Q

Why did Prussia rise economically and militarily? RRDIKC

A

RRDIKC

  • Rhineland, Zollverein and population growth gave growing internal market and industrialisation.
  • Railways, 1841-1847 233-1,444 miles. Prussia owned 56%
  • Dreyse’s needle gun 1848
  • Investment in metals and fuels doubled in 1840s
  • Krupp’s breech-loaded artillery 1870
  • citizens supported the army with the reserve Landwehr.
26
Q

Railways increase 1841-1847

A

233-1,444 miles. Prussia owned 56%

27
Q

Why did revolution breakout in 1848? GUMPFPFEVM

A
  • Growing German confidence resented Austrian repression
  • Unrest in 1830, France, Italy, Germany, Austria
  • Middle classes demanded freedom of the press and constitutions.
  • Peasant unrest in South west Germany
  • February overthrow of French monarchy
  • Poor harvest
  • Failure to abolish serfdom
  • Economic downturns
  • Vienna March 1848 clash between workers and troops
  • Metternich fled
28
Q

New constitution for Prussia

A

18 March 1848 announced by Frederick Wilhelm IV

29
Q

Frederick Wilhelm IV’s rule

A

1840-1857

30
Q

Why did authority collapse in 1848?

A
  • population rise lead to poverty
  • feudalism caused peasant resentment
  • traditional people felt threatened by industrialisation, causing anxiety
  • harsh urban and working conditions
  • growing middle class unhappy with Metternich’s repression.
  • economic downturn 1847-8
  • rippling class lacked courage to embrace nationalism and reform
  • Austrian weakness
31
Q

Austrian weakness by 1848

A
  • poor harvests in 1840s
  • military a financial burden
  • unrest in Italy, Hungary.
  • rapid influx of people in Vienna, poor districts
  • panic from French revolutions, run on Austrian banks.
  • inefficient, divided government
  • Emperor Ferdinand a weak monarch
32
Q

Friedrich Hecker

A

Radical lawyer from Baden. took part in 1848 revolutions. Raised an armed force in 1849, defeated by Prussian troops.

33
Q

Gustav von Struve

A

Son of a Russian diplomat. liberal and revolutionary agitator. Led a revolution in Baden in 1848, provisional head of government there in 1849. Demanded a republic for Germany. Defeated by Prussia at Rastatt.

34
Q

Elections for a new assembly

A

18 May 1848 in Frankfurt. 800 representatives at Paulskirche. No consensus

35
Q

How did the 1848 Revolution fail?

A
  • No agreement led to lack of control
  • Loss of support as seen as incompetent
  • Landlords were re-asserting their authority
  • the ‘old system’ began to regain control, Austrians repressed revolution in Prague in June 1848
  • Habsburg troops restored order to Vienna in October
  • Prussian troops dispersed the Diet November 1848 as the king felt threatened
  • Frederick IV refused to accept Klein crown in March 1849
  • Austria and Prussia refused the Frankfurt constitution, 29 states had accepted but were forced out.
  • last rebel attempts crushed on June 21 1849
36
Q

Why did the 1848 revolutions fail?

A
  • Not exploited quickly enough
  • Not enough Agreement
  • No army for themselves (would have to rely on Prussia’s)
  • fears of working-class unrest growing in middle class, no confidence in constitution
  • Peasants satisfied with Agrarian reform
  • Old leaders (Metternich) forced out, waited and then called on army etc. to restore order
  • No effective leader

History HL (10 decks)

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