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History HL > Italy > Flashcards

Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

The Carbonari (Secret Society)

A

Largest secret society who believed liberty and republicanism could only be achieved through the removal of the French, after 1814, the restored monarchies

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2
Q

The Adelfi (Secret Society)

A

Strongly anti-French society based in the north, led by Filippo Buonarrotti, with the main aim of destroying Austrian rule to lead to a democratic republic. 1818 named the ‘Sublime Perfect Masters’.

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3
Q

The Italian Federation (Secret Society)

A

Led by Count Confalonieri. Aimed for a north Italian state ruled by a constitutional monarchy.

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4
Q

Naples rebellion (date and events)

A
  1. Generals, civil servants and an army unit made the King of Naples agree to a constitution preventing him from acting how he wished.
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5
Q

Piedmont Revolt (date and events)

A

March 1821. Santorre Santarosa marched on turin. King Vittore Emanuele I abdicated. Carlo Alberto appointed regent, granted constitution. New king Carlo Felice withdrew this and crushed rebels in April 1821 with Austrian help.

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6
Q

Causes of 1831 rebellion

A

Charles X, the French reactionary monarch, abdicated on August 2nd 1830. Pope Leo XIII’s repressive policies were unpopular.

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7
Q

1831 rebellion results

A

Duchess of Parma was driven out, Francesco IV of Modena and the pope with Austrian support crushed the rebellion and further ones in 1832. Not a national movement, Modena and Bologna could not even trust or get along with each other.

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8
Q

Mazzini’s ‘Young Italy’ (date and nature)

A

1831.

  • Quasi-religious, god’s will expressed through ‘la plebe’
  • Journal ‘Young Italy’ spread his ideas.
  • Independent nation of ‘free men and equals’.
  • Unification ideas poorly thought through but envisaged including south, Sicily and Sardinia.
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9
Q

‘Italy’ in C18th

A
  • Independent states
  • Monarchies, royal houses, papal states
  • vast language and geographical differences
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10
Q

‘Italy’ after 1815

A
  • Austrian control heightened e.g. Lombardy and Venetia directly and armies in papal states
  • Monarchies restored
  • Napoleon code mostly abolished
  • Church power restored, pope spiritual and temporal leader
  • Some states progressive e.g Parma, Marie-Louise introduced similar code to Napoleon’s. 1st minister Victor Fossombroni improved education and hospitals in Tuscany.
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11
Q

‘Italy’ under French rule

A
  • New ideas of freedom, equality, brotherhood
  • equality in the law under Napoleon code
  • reduction in church influence (land sold off)
  • growth of anti-french feeling in radical philosophical secret societies
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12
Q

Revolutions before 1848

A

1820- Piedmont and Naples attempts crushed by Austria
Embryonic nationalism, although poor cooperation and communication.
1831- Parma, Modena and Papal States
Short lived, middle class, localised, crushed by Austria

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13
Q

Why was the Italian Nationalist movement so ineffective 1820-48?

A
  • poor communication, cooperation and organisation
  • Austrian force
  • No agreement on a method, no leader
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14
Q

New ideas from beginning of French Revolution (date)

A

1789

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15
Q

Napoleonic Wars- Italian states are key battlegrounds between France and Austria

A

1790s

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16
Q

Kingdom of Italy established under Napoleon

A

March 1805

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17
Q

Congress of Vienna returns Italy to previous rulers and Austria dominates

A

1815

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18
Q

Failed uprisings across Italy

A

1820-1

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19
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini founds young Italy

A

July 1831

20
Q

Uprisings across Italy: Sicily, Statuto, Milan and Venice, allocation, Lombardy invasion, Custozza, Roman republic

A

1848: January, February, March, April, May July, November.

21
Q

Carlo resumes war with Austria, French protect pope, Novarra, Roman republic defeated, Venetian republic defeated

A

1849: February, April, March, June, August

22
Q

Battle of Novarra

A

March 1849 Piedmont defeated by Austria, Carlo abdicates, Vittore Emmanuele King of Piedmont-Sardinia

23
Q

Siccardi Laws

A

March 1850 anti clerical legislation in Piedmont

24
Q

Cavour becomes minister of trade

A

October 1850

25
Q

Cavour becomes prime minister of Piedmont

A

November 1852

26
Q

Crimean war starts

A

1853

27
Q

Piedmont joins Crimea against Russia

A

1855

28
Q

Paris peace negotiations

A

1856

29
Q

National society formed

A

1857

30
Q

Plombières

A

July 1858 Nap III and Cavour agree to fight Austria

31
Q

Austria declare war on Piedmont

A

April 1859

32
Q

Peace of Villafranca

A

July 1859 Piedmont receives Lombardy but not Venetia

33
Q

Treaty of Zurich

A

November 1859 ends war with Austria

34
Q

Events of 1860

A

March: France get Nice and Savoy
April: revolt in Sicily
May: Garibaldi and the thousand land
August: Garibaldi crossed into Naples
September: Piedmont invades Papal States to prevent G
October: meeting at Teano, G presents his conquests to victory emanuele

35
Q

Kingdom of Italy under Vittore Emanuele proclaimed (excludes Rome and Venetia

A

1861

36
Q

Death of Cavour

A

June 1861

37
Q

Peasants war in the south

A

August 1861

38
Q

Southern revolt led by Garibaldi, defeated and wounded at Aspromante

A

1862 July, August

39
Q

Italian Civil Code

A

1865

40
Q

Austria Prussian war- gain Venetia

A

1866

41
Q

Garibaldi’s unsuccessful attack on papal states

A

1867

42
Q

Franco Prussian war, France leave Rome, Vittore enters city and proclaims it part of Italy

A

July 1870

43
Q

Death of Mazzini

A

March 1872

44
Q

Reformers win elections, trasformismo begins

A

1875

45
Q

Death of Vittore Emanuele II

A

January 1878

46
Q

Italy signs triple alliance with Austria and Germany

A

1882

History HL (10 decks)

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