Rural and Urban Places Flashcards
What are some physical processes that have shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?
- Coastal processes
- erosion, deposition, weathering
- created bay (now Nawi Cove)
How have First Nations people shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?
- Once was a place for middens (hence name Cockle Bay)
- was a fishing area
- Named after Barangaroo who tried to defend the area from colonisers
How has technology shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?
- Technology needed for land reclamation extended area into deeper waters for ports
- Ferries for transport & tours
- Pyrmont Bridge for ships
- Construction technology needed to build approx. $961million The Star casino
How have urban dynamics shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?
- Urban decay - port was unusable as ships became larger and pollution became rampant (Bubonic plague)
- Led to urban renewal of area - became mixed zoning commercial/social/cultural area
- Led to urban consolidation & gentrification as more businesses and people moved to the area - desirable
How have politics shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?
- Controversy over casino - locals don’t like the influx of negative tourism
- Increases gambling, crime rates, and prositution
- Increased recognition as an Indigenous area - Aboriginal tours & cultural events
How have economics shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?
- Lots of income from casino - doesn’t go to local people
- Income from businessmen paying to go to ICC → income from staying at Mariott & Langham hotel
- Many restaurants and cafes - commercial area, no longer shipping port
- Commercial business industries - more of a business area
- Income from tourism
How has the demographic of Darling Harbour shaped its identity?
- Lots of tourism - leads to multiculturalism
- Very important to many Indigenous people
- Many rich people visit and live there - once was area for poorest people
What are some social changes that have happened in Darling Harbour?
- Once was area where very poor people lived → gentrification → now is very expensive
- Casino brings tourists & gamblers
- Increase in ‘high’ culture e.g. Sydney Lyric Theatre & Sydney Dance Company
- Langham & Mariott hotels encourage tourism
- Was First Nations country, now is very multicultural from tourism & international migration
What are some economic changes that have happened in Darling Harbour?
- Casino has brought income
- Changed from Industrial shipping port to mixed-zone area
- Now commercial/residential/cultural area, mostly tertiary businesses
- ICC brings lots of businessmen who pay to enter
What are some environmental changes that have happened in Darling Harbour?
- Urban decay - very dirty, polluted, industrial, poor → government began urban renewal when bubonic plague formed in area → now urban consolidation
- Was very industrial, now lots of green spaces from urban renewal
- Land reclamation → extended port area for bigger ships
- Train lines changed into recreational areas
- Planted native plants which don’t need extra water/fertilisers and are suited to area
- Reinstated Nawi Cove and used natural sandstone that was there originally
What are some environmental sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?
- Urban renewal → re-implementing green spaces, better for environment & air quality, reduces urban heat island effect
- Barangaroo Reserve planted native plants → don’t require extra water/fertilisers that would pollute water
- Sandstone in Nawi Cove created micro-habitats
- Gabions underwater → grows oysters which clean the water, encourages more people to use it
- Barangaroo living seawall → creates microhabitats to filter water, encourages fish to come & reduces erosion
What are some social sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?
- Implementing green spaces - improved wellbeing, exercise, socialisation, and mental health
- The Cloud building, very expensive → setting aside 48 units for key worker (nurses, police, teachers, etc.) housing in new developments, workers will be able to access housing in Barangaroo capped at 1/3 of their weekly incomes
- Designed to be a walkable area, everything within 5 minutes → improves physical & mental wellbeing
- Ground leves of each commercial tower used for restaurants, cafes, retail → encourages social interaction for workers, residents and visitors
What are some cultural sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?
- Attempted to make gathering space for Indigenous communities in the Cutaway - failed, only used for artisan markets
- Display of Indigenous history of area in maritime museum
- Native plants represent Indigenous heritage of area
- Chinese Garden of Friendship - established connection between Australia and China (many Chinese residents)
What are some economic sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?
- 23,000 workers will work in area when complete → strong growth in tertiary industries brings more income e.g. St George & Westpac international headquarters
- More transport links & Wynyard walk 4 minutes from station → brings more workers from other areas, e.g. New Sydney Metro extends into Barangaroo
- The Star & The Crown Casino → people come from China where gambling is illegal, spend money in local area, generates income
- ICC brings lots of businessmen who pay to enter and pay to hold conferences
What is a city?
- A highly organised centre of population
- typically have well-developed infrastructure and diverse economic activities
What is a megacity?
City with a population of at least 10million
What is a regional centre?
- Places that provide essential services to surrounding communities
- often characterised by factors such as population growth, increasing population density and growth in employment
What is a remote settlement?
A place that has less access to various goods and services because of its location and distance from larger urban settlements
What is a suburb?
- An urban area surrounding and connected to the central city
- Many are exclusively residential areas, but some may have their own commercial centre
What is an urban mega-region?
- An interconnected network of cities that have grown to form a unified economic and social system
- have common resources, transportation systems, economies and ecosystems
What is a village?
- A small clustering of people around a central point, like a church, marketplace or public space
- may also form in a line along a geographical feature, like a river or major transport link
What are the 3 settlement patterns?
- Dispersed
- Linear
- Nucleated
What is a dispersed settlement pattern?
Scattered buildings over a larger area
What is a nucleated settlement pattern?
Buildings close together around a central point
What is a linear settlement pattern?
Buildings are close together in a line, often along a river, road, or other transportation routes
What are nucleated and linear settlement patterns classified as?
clustered settlements
What are 3 location-related factors that can influence settlements?
- Climate
- Natural resources
- Topography
How does climate influence settlement?
- Temperature, rainfall, and wind affect liveability for humans
- Extreme climates can be uncomfortable and dangerous for people to live in
- Clustered settlements are typically found in extreme climates to provide shelter - closely grouped buildings absorb and radiate heat
- Mild climate regions are usually more dispersed settlements
How do natural resources influence settlements?
- Humans rely on water, fertile land, and food
- Settlements are often next to these resources
- Places scarce in natural resources tend to be clustered settlements to share and optimise access to limited resources
- Places abundant in natural resources tend to be more dispersed
How does topography influence settlements?
- Easier to build on flat terrain - forms clustered settlements
- Mountainous areas are harder to build houses - tends to be dispersed
What are two size-related factors that influence settlements?
- population
- economic opportunities
How do economic opportunities & population influence settlements?
- Places rich in natural resources offer inputs for producing goods and services e.g. farming and mining
- ↳ More opportunities attract more jobs and more people
- ↳ Expands in size
- ↳ Dispersed settlements might grow into larger clustered settlements
- Declining economic opportunities result in less jobs and smaller populations
What is the hierarchy of settlements?
Megacities → cities → suburbs → villages → remote settlements
What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of remote settlements?
- Small populations (< 500) often dispersed over large area or clustered into small groups
- Largely function as agricultural or mining areas, maybe tourism
- Sphere of influence is limited to immediate settlement area due to small population and isolation, and lack of services
What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of cities?
- Large populations (50,000-10million)
- Administrative, industrial, commercial, religious, cultural, and social hubs
- Extends into multiple surrounding regions, even global scales
- Highly specialised services (banks, Unis, hospitals, widespread transport infrastructure, local or state gov offices)
- Attract many people, investors, and resources from surrounding areas
What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of megacities?
- Very large population (10million+)
- Same as cities but on a larger scale - often gateways between domestic and global communities
- Sphere of influences extends into national and global scales
- Services are similar to cities, but they have more services for larger populations and global markets
What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of suburbs?
- Larger populations (3000-5000)
- Primarily residential areas, but many have become commercial areas
- Covers a broader region, extending into multiple suburbs within local area
- Essential services (schools, health clinics) and specialised services (parks, banks, retail, restaurants)
- Commuters travel between suburbs for employment and these services
What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of villages?
- Relatively small populations (500-3000) clustered around a central point or line
- Mostly function as small market towns, tourist areas, or bridging points between communities
- Extends into neighbouring areas because they have accessible transport infrastructure - larger sphere of influence
- A few specialised services and more variety than remote settlements
How much of the world lived in urban areas in 2023?
over 56%
How many people lived in urban areas before 1850?
less than 10%
How many people are expected to live in urban places in 2050?
68%
Where do most people live in urban places and why?
- Americas
- Europe
- Australasia
- strong relationship between urbanisation and income
What are some demographic challenges facing rural places?
- Population loss due to internal migration and urbanisation
- Causes social isolation and remoteness
- Government doesn’t want to spend money on infrastructure
- Causes changes in age structure as young people tend to leave in search of opportunities
What are some economic challenges facing rural places?
- Employment difficulties - labour shortage
- More people moving to city
- Stalls local economy, less money to spend on creating services and infrastructure, more people move to city
- Most emigrants are skilled workers and move to cities (Brain drain)
- Difficult for businesses to remain open causing them to shut down and people become unemployed
- Most are employed in agriculture or informal jobs that have low pay - more poverty
- People in rural areas are deprived of health, education, and standard of living
What are some environmental challenges facing rural places?
- Land degradation common due to intensive farming
- Rural workers depend on agriculture for a living and creates food shortages
- Waste management - lack essential waste collection infrastructure and services
↳ Uncollected waste is openly dumped or burned - Water quality and availability - agricultural runoff can contaminate surface water
↳ Reduces global water availability and damages humans and ecosystems
What are three types of challenges facing rural places?
- demographic
- economic
- environmental
What are two challenges facing urban places?
- infrastructure quality
- housing availability
What are some infrastructure quality challenges facing urban places?
- Urbanisation and urban growth puts pressure on existing infrastructure
- Needs higher travel capacity and larger sewerage systems
- Transportation infrastructure demand increases and becomes congested and inefficient
What are some housing availablity challenges facing urban places?
- Demand outpaces supply
- Creates higher prices - many can’t afford
- Creates more informal housing and homelessness
- Lack of housing poses risks to health and safety as most income goes towards rent and mortgages - lower life expectancy
- More residents are forced to live on urban fringe far from jobs - spatial segregation
↳ Long commutes take a toll on time, energy, and money
↳ Barrier to economic productivity - Pollution mainly comes from waste generation and energy consumption
↳ Reduces available resources and degrades environment - Require uninterrupted energy supply - mostly from fossil fuels
↳ Reduce air quality and fuel climate change
↳ Deteriorates physical health
What is a strategy for the sustainable management of rural places?
Rural revitalisation:
* transforming rural place into more productive, sustainable, healthy, attractive places to live
* improving infrastructure, diversifying economic activites
* rurbanomics can be used to benefit rural & urban areas
↳ urban demand for food prioritises agricultural growth & diversification - empowers rural economies as drivers of food security
↳ must strengthen interconnectedness to encourage government to invest in rural places
What is one successful initiative used to improve the sustainability of rural places?
1970 Saemaul Undong Initiative
* response to SK’s growing income and wellbeing disparities between rural & urban places
* urbanisation was incr, rural pop. was decr.
* New Village Movement - investments in infrastructure & agriculture increased farm household incomes by 5x from 1970-1979
* improved quality of life for rural residents
* addressed employment & income challenges in rural areas
* didn’t address depopulation challenges
↳ didn’t establish strong rural-urban links at local level
↳ failed to engage village residents in movement
What are some strategies for sustainable management of urban places?
- Creating green space
- Improving waste management
- water conservation
- lowering energy consumption
How can creating green space promote sustainability in urban places?
- Provides natural resting place for city residents
- de-stress
- excercise
- clean air
- habitat for local wildlife
- improve mental health
How can improving waste management promote sustainability in urban places?
- Waste often dumped in landfill
↳ environmental hazard - leaching toxic chemicals into soil & groundwater - sustainable - reduce, reuse, recycle
- zero waste future - greater than 90% diversion from landfill
- collecting household recycling
How can water conservation promote sustainability in urban places?
- install water meters to discourage overuse of water
- encouraging individual action
↳ shorter showers
↳ turning off tap when not in use
How can lowering energy consumption promote sustainability in urban places?
- new homes meet energy efficiency requirements
↳ low energy lighting
↳ double & triple glazed windows for better insulation - encouraging using less energy
- promoting renewable energy
What are some successful initiatives that have promoted sustainability in an urban place?
Sweden:
* 1995 Carbon tax reduced dependency on fossil fuels
* urban consolidation via redeveloping brownfield sites with low-energy homes run on biogas from food waste
* 2017 - public transport became 100% renewable energy
* 2020 - low emission zone in city centre
* smart grid energy system uses renewable energy
What is the location and character of Leeton?
- Riverina regional area of southwestern NSW
- Leeton shire council
- Australia’s Rice Capital
- One of Australia’s most profitable and productive agricultural areas
- art deco town
↳ charming country town
↳ culture, history, beauty
↳ The Roxy Theatre - 1930
↳ Australian Art Deco Festival
What is the location and character of Sydney?
- Southeastern coast
- City of Sydney LGA
- high population & density
- lots of high-rise buildings & terrace houses
- high density reflects status as a place where economic, cultural & social activities converge
- makes significant contributions to regional & national economy
- nucleated settlement centred around businesses in key industries (finance, business, hospitality, etc.)
- multicultural population - many arts, sports, heritage, entertainment venues, religious centres, festivals
- known for relaxed and outdoor-lifestyle - E.g. harbourside picnics at Barangaroo, dining with Sydney Harbour views, outdoor cinema at the Rocks
- characterised by high population density, thriving economy, and vibrant, outgoing community
What are some physical geographical processes shaping Sydney’s identity?
- mild climate
- coastal processes give rise to stunning natural landscapes
- influenced where the city was developed
- influenced relaxed & outdoor lifestyle identity
What are some human geographical processes shaping Sydney’s identity?
- Colonisation established city as a British convict colony - European customs & administration structures
- urban development into a city in 1842
- economic growth fuelled urban expansion and emergence of diverse economic sectors
- city offers an array of social and economic opportunities - people come through urbanisation and international migration processes
- creates a vibrant & culturally diverse community
- shapes Sydney as a densley populated city & hub of activity
What are some cultural links Sydney has to other places?
- culturally diverse - strong cultural connections across Australia & abroad
- e.g. international migration from China → annual Lunar New Year in Haymarket
What are some economic links Sydney has to other places?
- extensive economic links domestically & globally
- headquarters of major banks, educational institutions, & multinational corporations
- attract investment, talent, and trade from everywhere
- employment opportunities creates economic links with proffesional’s place of origin
- trading goods & services establishes economic connections
What are some political links Sydney has to other places?
- maintains political links with broader NSW state
- shares decision-making with state gov. operations
- e.g. NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment (EPA) Act → Sydney’s Local Environmental Plan translates broad principles of act into specific regulations for land use in city
What are some environmental changes in Sydney?
- Urbanisation - less parklands & natural areas
- creates urban heat islands - creates chain of environmental & social implications
↳ reducing air quality
↳ fueling climate change
↳ affecting human health due to air pollution & extreme heat
What are some economic changes in Sydney?
- transitioned from traditional manufacturing → knowledge-intensive industries (finance, tech, professional services)
- these industries earn more than manufactiring
- rising share of these industries should boost wages, generating economic growth & higher standard of living
- it could also increase economic disparities
↳ highly-skilled workers receive high salaries
↳ lower-skilled workers may struggle to afford basic necessities
↳ makes it harder for lower-income people to invest in education to obtain skills for high-paying jobs
What are some social changes in Sydney?
- higher population → increased housing demand
- demand has outpaced supply → higher prices
- causes residents to move away from city to affordable areas
↳ displacement can affect worker performance & productivity - housing crisis costs city ~$10billlion/year in lost productivity
- increased homelessness
What are some cultural changes in Sydney?
- internal & external migration increased cultural diversity
- over 50% residents born overseas
- vibrant community
- melting pot of languages, traditions, and perspectives
- can create barriers to social cohesion & inclusion
- can cause social tensions
↳ different values, perspectives, traditions
↳ misunderstanding, prejudice, discrimination
What are some physical geographical processes shaping Leeton’s identity?
- Climatic - mild climate
- Soil - fertile
- Hydrological - ample water supply
- perfect place to grow crops
What are some human geographical processes shaping Leeton’s identity?
- Irrigation processes - highly productive agricultural region
- Man-made system of water canals made Leeton drought-proof major food producer
- Relies on migrational processes to help fill worker shortages
- Urban Development - Art Deco Town
What are some cultural links Leeton has to other places?
- Sir Walter Burley Griffin, designed Leeton, Canberra, Griffith, Castlecrag
- Radial street pattern
- shared design heritage
- Australians and migrants settled in Leeton for work opportunities e.g. Italians post-WWII
What are some economic links Leeton has to other places?
- Major regional city Griffith has wider variety of services
- many Leeton residents travel there, e.g. hospital
- links to Australian & global economy through production & consumption of produce
What are some political links Leeton has to other places?
- other suburbs & towns in Leeton Shire Council
- Leeton is LGA’s administrative centre, make decisions of behalf of LGA
- connected to NSW state - shared decision making from state gov
LGA = local government area
What are some environmental changes in Leeton?
- Murrumbidgee Irrigation Scheme (MIS) created to control & divert flow of local water systems for agriculture
- causes excessive water use
- Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) often has water losses from leaks
- water-inefficient irrigation system causes depletion of local water resources
- excessive irrigation causes salinisation & reduces agricultural productivity
- MIA has weed problems spread through irrigation runoff - can reduce agricultural productivity, block waterways, and decrease water efficiency
What are some social and economic changes in Leeton?
- decline in total jobs available
- aging population - 18.5% over 65 in 2021
- skills shortage
- workers leave for more opportunities
- aging population retires
- businesses forced to close - slows economy
↳ reduces access to quality infrastructure & services - not enough workers
↳ reduces health & wellbeing of population
What are some strategies Leeton has to address irrigation challenges?
- smart water meters installed in residential properties - promote sustainable water use
- Modernisation plan for MIA - real time control, monitoring, & management of water supply
↳ solar-powered channel control gates
↳ reduces water loss - secures quality water resources for agricultural & personal use
- minimises salinisation & weeds
- economic & social benefits
- significant water saving
What are some strategies Leeton has to address the skills shortage?
- NSW Growing Regions Of Welcome (GROW) program - aims to bring migrants & refugees in Western Sydney to Leeton
↳ migrants & refugees gain employment
↳ Leeton gains skilled workers - Grow Our Own Program - encourages local school leavers & young professionals to stay in Leeton for work
↳ offers traineeships, apprenticeships, cadetships, gap year opportunities, and distance education sport
↳ aims to shift local perceptions & demonstrate that you can build a long-term career in regional areas - keeps more young people = sustainable economy
- attracts & retains skilled workforce
- keeps industries & services running
- builds a sense of welcome for newcomers
- improves wellbeing
What is Sydney’s strategy for environmental, economic, cultural, and social sustainability?
Sustainable Sydney 2030-2050
* good governence & leadership focused on sustainable development
* safeguard environment
* walkable, well-connected communities & public transport
* equitable & inclusive city
* resilient & adaptable communities that can overcome challenges
* thriving cultural & creative life that celebrates rich cultural diversity
* innovative economy to ensure economic growth
* accessible and affordable housing
What are some proposed solutions by the Sydney 2030-2050 plan?
- Eora Journey - Yananurala
- Green City Initiative
- Building Housing for All
How does the Eora journey promote sustainability in Sydney?
- aims to recognise, empower, and celebrate local Gadigal culture
- culturally immersive walk Sydney Harbour→Redfern
- public art installations about cultural heritage
- enhances understanding of culture
- social cohesion & inclusion
- contributes to a more equitable and inclusive city
How does the Green City Initiative promote sustainability in Sydney?
- transforming urban landscape into greenery
- increased tree canopy cover by 19.2% since 2008
- added 24ha of open space
- proposed to convert Moore Park Golf Course from 18-hole to 9-hole to create additional public parkland
- proposed to reduce road space in parts of city
- proposed to transform service lanes into permeable green laneways
- grenner city has wellbeing benefits
- increases physical activity → reduces disease & illness
- reduces urban heat islands
- keeps environment in good condition
- more adaptable & resilient community by building strong & healthy residents → enhances ability to face challenges
How does Building Housing for All promote sustainability in Sydney?
- urban consolidation & other solutions
- Metropolitan Community Land Trust Policy (CLT)
↳ CLTs are private NFP orgs
↳sell/rent property to individuals for an affordable, low-cost fee while retaining ownership
↳ CLT shapes priorities based on local needs
↳ empowers residents to have a say in how land & housing in their community is used and developed - Cooperative Rental Model
↳ housing arrangement where tenants collectively own & manage property
↳ more stable, long-term housing
↳ translates into more affordable rents, focused only on covering essential expenses
What is Mumbai’s location?
- port city on India’s west coast
- NE hemisphere
- centre of Mumbai Metropolitan region (mega-region)
What is Mumbai’s character?
- India’s most populated city (megacity)
- extremely high pop density
- as population expanded - economy expanded & diversified into new industries (computers & electronics)
- state capital - shapes political, economic & social dynamics of surrounding regions
- India’s financial, commercial, and entertainment capital (National Stock exchange, Bank of India, Bollywood, TNCs)
- prestigious universities
- various functions & services - large sphere of influence
What are some geographical processes shaping Mumbai?
- Internal Migration
- Natural Increase
How does internal migration shape Mumbai?
- increases economic prosperity → high rates of urbanisation
- agricultural sector of India replaced labour with machinery & forced people out of work
- rural farmers have to sell land & migrate elsewhere
- Mumbai has job opportunities in service & manufacturing industries, offers higher & more regular incomes
- people move rural areas → city in search of employment & higher wages
How does natural increase shape Mumbai?
- more births than deaths
- 2022 - registered births in Mumbai were up 18% & deaths down 12% from prev. year
What are some challenges of the high population density in Mumbai?
- water surrounds megacity - limits urban sprawl → increases pop. density
- Economic & social inequality
- traffic congestion
- waste buildup
How has high population density caused economic & social inequality in Mumbai?
- millions live under poverty line
- rapid pop. growth is leading cause of unemployment
- city in developing country - economic growth not fast enough to create enough jobs
- widened income disparities
- 2011 - 16% lived in slums, e.g. Dharavi
- slums have poor access to clean water & sanitation → high risk of water-borne diseases & lower life expectancy
What has traffic congestion caused in Mumbai?
- 2021 - 4.1million active vehicles
- 2021 - 5th most congested city, 53% congestion rate (takes 53% longer to get somewhere)
- high air pollution, 2023 3x safe level of toxic nitrous oxide & 31.3kg of CO2 emissions yearly
- contributes to global climate change
- affects economy - workers spend more time in traffic than working
- 2021 - lost ~$7.51billion due to traffic, lost 121 hours of work
What has waste buildup caused in Mumbai?
- lack of waste disposal infrastructure
- every day 6,000t of waste go to landfills, ecosystems, water sources
- contributes to air pollution → +25% of methane from landfills
- impacts human & environmental health
How has Mumbai tried to manage slums/informal housing?
- Past efforts (slum clearance, rehousing initiatives, improving living standards) had a limited scale that did not prevent development
- Current approach - Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS)
↳ developers can buy slum land from gov for low cost & consent of 70% of residents to redevelop it
↳ developer rehouses eligible slum dwellers free of cost in multi-story rehabilitation buildings
↳ e.g. luxury residential Imperial Towers
What are the limitations of Mumbai’s SRS and how can it be improved?
- However, there’s a lack of consistent standards for rehbailitation buildings
- Ineligible slum dwellers have to settle in new slum
- leads to increase in housing prices in formal market
- Improvements:
↳ specify standards for rehabilitation buildings
↳ increasing availability of afforable housing
What are the limitations of Mumbai’s coastal road project and how can it be improved?
- expanding roadway capacity may encourage more people to drive
- Improvements:
↳ reduce number of vehicles
↳ improve public transport, walkways, and bike lanes
What are the limitations of Mumbai’s waste management model and how can it be improved?
- small scale & low income
- Improvements:
↳ creating a formal recycling economy - larger scale
↳ would provide people with higher income & more stable jobs
↳ contributes to a more equitable & sustainable future
How has Mumbai tried to manage traffic congestion?
- Coastal Road Project - 8 lane expressway from south Mumbai to Western Suburbs
↳ aims to reduce traffic congestion & improve travel times by 70% - smart traffic singals - monitor traffic in real-time to regulate traffic
How has Mumbai tried to manage waste and unemployment?
- people-powered waste management model
- thriving informal recycling economy
- recyclable material is sold to industry recylers, organic waste is put in composting pits & biogas plants
↳ produce manure & biogas for industry & domestic uses - waste pickers earn income from selling, collecting, sorting, and managing
- reduces amount of waste in environment & landfill
- generated employment opportunities - reduce economic inequalities
