Human Wellbeing Flashcards
What are factors that influence wellbeing and development?
SHEEPT
Social
Historical
Economic
Environmental
Political
Technological
What are examples of quantitative indicators?
- Economic indicators - GDP, GNP/capita, HDI
- Social indicators - literacy, pop. growth, life expectancy, TFR
- Environmental indicators - CO2 emissions, access to fresh water
- Technological indicators - Access to internet, rate of mechanisation (% of pop. in agric.)
- Political indicators - defence expenditure, women in parliament
What is GDP?
Gross domestic product (value of goods and services produced inside a country)
What is GNP?
Gross national product (value of goods and services produced by residents and businesses of a country, regardless of where it was made)
What is TFR?
Total fertility rate (average number of children a woman will have in her life)
What is HDI?
Human development index (life expectancy index, expected years & mean years of schooling - education index, GNI/capita - GNI index)
What is IMR?
Infant mortality rate (less than one year old)
What is CMR?
Child mortality rate (less than five years old)
What are examples of qualitative indicators?
- HPI
- Gross national happiness
- World press freedom index
- OECD Better LIfe Initiative
What is HPI?
Happy planet index (life expectancy, experienced wellbeing & ecological footprint)
What is GNH?
Gross National Happiness Index created by King of Bhutan that values collective happiness as the goal of the government as expressed by the 4 pillars of GNH
What are the 4 pillars of GNH?
- Sustainable & equitable socioeconomic development
- Environmental conservation
- Preservation and promotion of culture
- Good governance
What are the 3 pillars of wellbeing?
WHE
1. Wealth
2. Health
3. Education
What is a benchmark?
Any measurement where it’s the same for everyone and can track improvement over time (e.g. HDI)
What is the UN?
The United Nations maintains international peace and security, promotes the well-being of peoples of the world, and promotes international cooperation
What are the MDGs?
Millenium Development Goals are 8 goals created by the UN intended to be achieved by 2015
What are the SDGs?
17 Sustainable Development Goals created by the UN
What is this?
The Brandt Line
What is are examples of a historical factor that could influence development/wellbeing?
Slavery, colonisation, war
Over the past 200 years, have human wellbeing indicators generally moved in a positive or negative direction?
positive
What percent of the population in Mexico is obese now compared to 1996?
73% now compared to 20% in 1996
Describe the school conditions in Mexico
- Children don’t have drinking water so they drink Coca Cola
- Coca Cola partnered with schools in Chiapas (state with highest indigenous pop.) to only sell Coca Cola
What happens to children who consume lots of sugar?
They have a much higher chance of getting diabetes type 2
Damage to the metabolism is irreversable after age…?
2
Why are babies in Mexico becoming prone to diabetes?
- Mothers feeding their babies Coca Cola instead of formula as it calms them (addicted to caffeine from the womb)
- Babies are drinking caffiene through mothers milk from Coca Cola
What are some reasons Coca Cola consumption could be so high in Mexico?
- Former president was CEO of Coca Cola
- Lack of education and income
What is a historical reason people are obese in China?
Lots of oil is used in food which was caused by food shortages in WW2
Where do most calories that people consume in Brazil come from?
Sugar, oil, and starch (little nutritional value)
Why are Nestle products sold in small amounts?
To make them cheaper
How does Nestle advertise their products?
- Advertised as being nutritious using the vitamins in them
- Copying governmental health advisors by sending employees to sell products to rural communities by advertising the vitamins
- Sending company boats up the Amazon river that are mini Nestle shops for rural & poor communities
Why do babies in India have a higher chance of getting diabetes and heart disease?
Mothers are malnourished which alters the baby’s metabolism causing them to be programmed to have diabetes & heart disease in the womb
What can be done to stop obesity in China?
- taxation and marketing regulation
- local population pushing government to change
What has been done in Brazil that helped obesity?
- School lunch program meaning 30% of food has to be sourced & produced locally
- This was not done for health and wellbeing but to support family farmers due to political pressure
- This keeps money within the Brazillian economy - circular
What has been done in Mexico to stop obesity?
- Attempts to tax sugary foods failed as people couldn’t afford it
- Government subsidises treatments for obesity (e.g. stomach reduction goes from $30,000 to $3,000) as it will be cheaper on the government health budget
What does SPICESS stand for?
Space
Place
Interconnection
Change
Environment
Sustainability
Scale
Which developing countries are experiencing the highest growth?
BRICS
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
What is the Gini Index?
An indicator of which countries have the most equal income (0 is everyone is equal, 100 is one person or a few people have all the money)
What are both sides of the Brandt line called?
Rich developed North and the poor developing South
What are the features of an underdeveloped country?
- Low income per person
- Many children don’t finish primary school to work
- unstable, undemocratic government
- labour-intensive production (high population in agric.)
What are the features of a developed country?
- high income per person
- highly industrialised
- moving towards service industry growth
- democratic
- strong health & welfare systems (except US)
- strong educational outcomes
What are features of a high growth developing economies?
- rapid industrialisation
- evolving from developing to advanced
What are features of a low growth developing economies?
- remaining poor
- high foreign debt
- crime
- corruption (few rich people stay rich by bribing the government)
- natural resources are exploited by rich countries
What is a good and bad HDI score?
0.000 - bad
1.000 - good
Why do we split Africa into saharan and sub-saharan?
Countries in the North have large oil companies so it would make the continent look richer than it actually is
Why is the wellbeing in sub-saharan Africa so low?
- Scramble for Africa - Europeans took land, resources and money and killed millions of people by drawing new borders (which grouped traditional enemies together) and cut of countries’ water supply
- slave trade
What are recent trends in development in sub-saharan Africa?
- fewer people living on less than $2/day (still 43%)
- LE risen by 6 years since 1990s (still less than 50 years in some place)
- 6% less chronically malnourished children
What are some challenges to development in sub-saharan Africa?
- low economic growth rate
- approx. 20% of adults can’t read or write
- almost 0.5b people live in slums (with little chance of escape)
- high levels of corruption at highest levels of gov. (take aids/loans from richer countries for themselves)
What are 3 things Australia is doing well and 3 things Australia is doing badly?
Good:
* voter turnout
* air quality
* years in education
Bad:
* work-life balance
* personal security
* feeling safe at night
Why do young people in Australia have such low well being?
- suicide rates have increased over last 3 years even though other areas of life have improved
- 1/3 of young male deaths are suicide
- bad mental health
- educational outcomes of young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are much lower than advantaged backgrounds
- unemployment rate is 2.5x higher than other Australians
- underemployment is highest it’s been for 40 years
How many Australians have a disablility?
1 in 5
How many Australians with a disability have limitations?
- 80% have some limitations
- 2.4m require help each day
Why is the wellbeing of disabled people lower than those without one?
- Income/week is much lower
- % who have finished year 12 or obtained a degree is lower
- lower life satisfaction
- NDIS doesn’t supply their needs/assistance due to low budget
Where are the richest and poorest parts of Australia?
Richest - oil production and mining areas
Poorest - rural & remote areas usually with a high Indigenous population
What divides the rich and poor parts of Sydney?
The opportunity line
What is the cycle of poverty?
- Parents have low income jobs and low education
- Children have to miss school to work and get lower grades
- children miss out on uni because their marks are bad or they can’t afford it
- children get low paying jobs
- children become parents
How does where you live affect your wellbeing in Australia?
- Poor access to health services in rural & regional areas
- increasingly expensive housing where the highest paying jobs are
- working people denied public housing near their jobs
- people in poorer/rural areas have fewer educational options
- inherited wealth or poverty leads to some generations of families living in the same 5km radius
What are the features of a stage 1 demographic transition?
- birth rate - high
- death rate - high
- natural increase - stable/slow increase
What are the features of a stage 2 demographic transition?
- birth rate - high
- death rate - falls rapidly
- natural increase - rapid increase
What are the features of a stage 3 demographic transition?
- birth rate - falling
- death rate - falls more slowly
- natural increase - increase slows down
What are the features of a stage 4 demographic transition?
- birth rate - low
- death rate - low
- natural increase - falling and then stable
What are the features of a stage 5 demographic transition?
- birth rate - possibly falling or rising
- death rate - low
- natural increase - little change
What demographic transition stage is this?
1
What demographic transition stage is this?
2
What demographic transition stage is this?
3
What demographic transition stage is this?
4
What demographic transition stage is this?
5
What does a wide base in a population pyramid mean?
young population, high fertility rate, underdeveloped
What does a wide top in a population pyramid mean?
aging/old population, low fertility rate, developed
What may lead to fewer people in a particular age group?
War, famine, disease or mass emigration
What may lead to more people in a particular age group?
baby boom or immigration
What is the dependency ratio?
What are some reasons that Finland was named the happiest country?
- good unemployment benefits and pensions
- SISU (perseverance through hard obstacles and being hapy with ordinary dreams instead of aiming for the stars)
- easy access to nature no matter where you live
- all suburbs have the same housing and resources
- provides mothers with free pre and post-natal support
- Primary, high school and uni are free
- one of best school systems in the world
- 90% of people trust government
- people trust each other
- people are not expected to work outside of their job
- primary children have more breaks throughout the day and less school hours/week
What are some problems Finland is facing?
- homelessness in young people under 30 has been rising
- substance abuse affects 4% of Finns - can lead to homelessness
- Births dropped by 23% in the last decade - rapidly aging population and less workforce
- world happiness results can push people into hiding their distress and not seeking help
How is female education and falling fertility rates related?
Girls are taught that big families will facce financial security problems, whereas small families won’t
How is income/day linked to investments in transportation?
investments in transportation allow people to move into higher wealth. e.g. buying a bike allows poor people to go into town to sell their goods
Who uses the most fossil fuels?
85% are used by the 3 richest billion people in the world, however the richest billion has stopped increasing in their fossil fuel use
