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Mammals > Running out of time shit > Flashcards

Running out of time shit Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 different sections in the vertebral column?

A

Cervical/Thoratic/lumbar/Sacral and Caudal. (Cats think liking socks is cool)

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2
Q

what are the three bones in the ear which used to be part of the jaw

A

stapes, incus,malleus

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3
Q

what are ruminents?

A

possess a 4 chambered stomach

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4
Q

what is vibrassae

A

whiskers

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5
Q

whats the difference between the hindgut and foregut?

A

foregut is posessed by ruminants; the hindgut has slower digestion but less nutririonally dense.

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6
Q

what are the sections of the ruminant gut?

A

Reticulum,omassum,abomassum,rumen. (rosie owns a rabbit)

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7
Q

what is the process of ruminent digestion?

A

large food particles pass to the reticulum -where cud is formed;the cud is then remasticated and then sent down yo the reticulum, then omassum and then finally yhe abomassum where enzymatic digestion occurs

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8
Q

most mammals have teeth which are …..

A

brachyodont - short crowned and enamel formation seases when the tooth erupts through the gum

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9
Q

many herbivores have what type of teeth

A

hypsodont - high crowned teeth - because they are subject to rapid wear and abrasion.

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10
Q

what is hypselodont?

A

continuously growing teeth - lagomorphs and rodents

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11
Q

what is the diastema

A

space between the two teeth - typical in rodents

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12
Q

what is bunodont?

A

cusps form seperate rounded hillocks that crush and grind food - pigs, some rodents,carnivorians and primates

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13
Q

what type of teeth are herbivores likelty to have

A

lophodont or selenodont teeth finely seperate and grind vegetation

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14
Q

what are sectorial teeth

A

blade like cutting edges - many insectivores, carnivores and bats

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15
Q

what are carnassials/

A

specialised sectorial teeth - shearing front teeth in carnivores

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16
Q

What are cusorial mammals?

A

Those that run

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17
Q

What are the three special bones in the mammalian pelvic gurdle?

A

illium (extends forward), ischium and pubis (extend backwards)

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18
Q

what is the manus?

A

hand

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19
Q

what is the pes?

A

feet

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20
Q

what is diurnal activity?

A

activity during the day

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21
Q

what is aspect ratio

A

how long the wings are compared to how deep they are.

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22
Q

What is a high aspect ratio?

A

long narrow wings

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23
Q

What is alow aspect ratio?

A

short fat wings

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24
Q

What is wing loading?

A

How much the weight of the body is compared to the wings (ratio of weight to wing area)

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25
Q

What is high wing loading?

A

basically a heavier mammal

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26
Q

what mamals do echolocation?

A

bats, toothed whales (dolphins etc) shrews, tenrec

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27
Q

What are the ancestors to the synapsids?

A

Dimetrodon, morganucudon and tupaia.

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28
Q

How do cetacenas echolocate?

A

nasal clicks - monkey lips

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29
Q

How do fruit bats echolocate

A

toungue clicks

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30
Q

whats the difference between the dimetradon, morganucudon and the tupaia ancestors?

A

Dimetrodon has multiple jaw bones, morganucudon and tupaia had a single jaw bone –> then went up to the middle ear.

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31
Q

most mammals are…

A

rodents or bats

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32
Q

which mammals only posseses a cloaca?

A

monotreme (prototheria)

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33
Q

the bill of a platypus is sensitive which makes it..

A

electrorecpetive- used to find prey

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34
Q

which monotreme is carnivorous and which is insectivorous

A

platypus is a carnivore, an echidna is an insectivore

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35
Q

are platypus venomous

A

yes - poisionous spur

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36
Q

about monotreme reproduction:

A

Echidna carries eggs until they hatch. platypus lays eggs. and only one(left) functional ovary. Both have a cloaca

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37
Q

why is the doppler effect important in bats?

A

allows them to judge distance

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38
Q

What is the equation of homeothermy?

A 
VO2=c(Tb-Ta) =C= VO2 / (Tb – Ta)
– C=Conductance
– VO2= O2 consumption
• Energy conservation
– Minimise Tb – Ta
– Minimise C (Conductance)
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39
Q

what is zoonoses?

A

infectious diseases from animals to humans

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40
Q

what factors increase the chance of spread of zoonotic diseases?

A

human population growth- results in more space beign shared with wildlife, outdoor recreation and ecotourism is increasing, ease of global travel and globalization of food markets

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41
Q

what 3 factors are needed for a disease to spread

A

1)host needs to be susseptile to the virus 2) environmental conditions 3)frequent contact

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42
Q

what infectious agents cause rabies?

A

viruses

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43
Q

what infectious agents cause tuberculosis and lyme disease?

A

bacteria

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44
Q

What infecious agents cause rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

rickettsia

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45
Q

What infecious agents cause white nose syndrome?

A

fungi

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46
Q

what infecious agents cause echinococoosis?

A

parsites

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47
Q

What infectious agents cause bovine spongiform

A

prions

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48
Q

What is canine distemper

A

viral disease that effects mammals in carnivora

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49
Q

what is thought to have contributed to the extinction of thylacines?

A

CDV (canine distemper virus)

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50
Q

difference between epidemic and pandemic

A

epidemic is an outbreak on a local scale where pandemic is worldwide

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51
Q

how is ebola spread?

A

body fluids

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52
Q

What is EHF

A

ebola hemorrhagic fever

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53
Q

hat is thought to be the natural host of the ebola virus?

A

bats

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54
Q

what 3 viruses similar to ebola are bats host to?

A

nipah,marberg and lyssa viruses

55
Q

How is lassa fever transmitted to humans

A

inhaling aerosolized feces or by consuming rodent meat - it is then spreadhuman to human by bodily fluids or sneezing/coughing

56
Q

What are pathogens

A

bacterial virus which can cause disease

57
Q

was was thought to be the main spreader of the nipah virus

A

pigs located nea bat colonies

58
Q

what type of disease is rabies

A

viral zoonotic disease

59
Q

how is rabies typically spread?

A

through bites - the virus is found in the saliva

60
Q

what are prions?

A

mutant proteins

61
Q

what is the proper name for mad cow disease

A

bovine sprongiform encephalopathy

62
Q

can chronic wasting disease be spread to humans

A

possibly -close relationship with prion disease

63
Q

What type of disease is the plaugue?

A

bacterial infectious disease

64
Q

What is myrmectrophy?

A

Ant/Termite specialist

65
Q

what is monochromatic vision

A

colour blind

66
Q

Which virus is closesly linked to rabies?

A

Lyssavirus

67
Q

What is enccephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

68
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

microorganisim that can cause disease

69
Q

What are some known pathogens?

A 
Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• (Macro)parasites
• Prions
70
Q

Hydrophobia is associated with with disease?

A

rabies - it is the inability to swallow

71
Q

The plague (black death/bubonic plaugue) is what sort of disease?

A

bacterial, spread from rat flease

72
Q

bovine sprongiform encephalopathy is also known as what?

A

Mad cow disease

73
Q

What agent causes mad cow disease?

A

prions

74
Q

What is the primary resiovour of ebola?

A

bats

75
Q

Nipah and hendra are found in which mammals?

A

bats

76
Q

What is the resoivour for the hantavirus?

A

rodents

77
Q

what causes white nose syndrome and what is it present in?

A

fungi - bats

78
Q

how is devil tumour face spread and why is it interesting?

A

spread by biting and interesting because the tumours have different dna to its host

79
Q

What are the requirements for domestication?

A 
Adaptable diet
• Growth rate
• Captive breeding
• Less aggressive
• Predictable, even
temperament
• Social, hierarchical
80
Q

What is Neoteny

A

retention of childlike characteristics

81
Q

what is the earliest and latest domesticated mammal?

A

wolf is the earliest - rodents are the latest

82
Q

What are the 5 social systems?

A 
Asocial
• Mother-Young
• Family
• Clan
• Eusocial
83
Q

What is a fission fusion soceity?

A

meerkats -In a fission–fusion society, the main parent group can fracture (fission) into smaller stable subgroups or individuals to adapt to environmental or social circumstances. For example, a number of males may break off from the main group in order to hunt or forage for food during the day, but at night they may return to join (fusion) the primary group to share food and partake in other activities.

84
Q

What are the benefits to living in groups?

A

Antipredator
• Foraging
• Reproductive
• Physiology

85
Q

What are the cons to living in groups?

A

Predation
• Foraging
• Reproductive

86
Q

What is the dilution effect?

A

pro of living in groups - less chance of being caught when there are more of you

87
Q

What is the selfish herd?

A

group positioning - usually more important individuals are in the centre of the group so they are less likely to be predated

88
Q

What is kleptoparaitism

A

stealing someone elses food

89
Q

what is lekking?

A

males provide no care for young and often its the females that hunt for the males.

90
Q

Which mamals is lekking most common in

A

bats

91
Q

What is altruism

A

selflessness

92
Q

what is philopatry

A

tendancy for a species to return to its home nest

93
Q

what are the male reproductive strateigesi in stoats

A

Roamer
– Stayer
– Transients

94
Q

Atlas and axis =

A

atlas is vertebrae nearest to skull, Axis is underneath atlas - both part of the cervical.

95
Q

What are the 5 vertebrae sections?

A

Cats Think Licking Socks is Cool - Cervical, Thoratic, Lumbar, Sacral, caudal/Coxix

96
Q

Axial Skeleton?

A

Skull vertebrae, ribs and sternum

97
Q

Appendicular skeleton =

A

Appendages and girdle

98
Q

what are the axial vertebrae near the skull?

A

Occipital Atlanto-occipital, Atlas, axis

99
Q

Dorsal vertebrae join to…

A

Thoratic vertebrae

100
Q

Ventrall to…

A

Dorsal Vertebrae

101
Q

The shoulder girdle consists of

A

Pectoral (actual shoulder girdle) , scapula - shoulder blade , clavial - collar bone

102
Q

Pelvic girdle consists of:

A

Illium, ishium and Pubis

103
Q

Radius & ulna are part of what

A

Wrist

104
Q

tibula and fibula are part of what

A

Shin

105
Q

5 digits are ancestral - pollex and hollux are what?

A

Pollex - thumb, Hollux - big toe

106
Q

Difference between somatic and non somatic muscles?

A

Somatic are voluntary movemement, nonsomatic are not

107
Q

What is cursorial

A

Running

108
Q

the 4 requirements of running

A

(Shoes pointed more evenely) - Stability/propulsion/manouverability/endurace

109
Q

What types of posture are there

A

Plantigrade, digigrade and ungulade

110
Q

what is plantigrade digitgrade and ungulade?

A

Plantigrade is walking on the palm (Planted on the floor), Digitgrade is walking on the digits, and unguligrade is walking on toes (such as der)

111
Q

Which species walk on knuckles?

A

Anteater and gorrilla

112
Q

What is saltorial

A

Jumping/richocheting/hopping - like the sifaka

113
Q

What is the wing membrane on bat iss called

A

Patagium

114
Q

What are volant animals

A

Being able to fly

115
Q

What mammals echolocate?

A

Tenrec, bats, cetaceans and shrews

116
Q

Which mammals echolocate through the nose (nasal clicks)

A

odontacetea (toothed whales)

117
Q

Which mammals echolocate through toungue clicks?

A

bats (Pteropodid)

118
Q

What organ helps to echolocate?

A

The larynx

119
Q

the characteristics of a bat call

A

Intensity/time/frequency and sequence (In the field of sound)

120
Q

What types of calls do bats produce

A

badnwith, broadband, narrowband

121
Q

neural attenuation?

A

nerves in bat ears slow down the rate of transmission to reduce damage

122
Q

what are the ways to prevent damage to ear

A

beaming, neural attenuation, insulation and ear anatomy and self defeaning

123
Q

what is self defening?

A

make themselves deaf during a transmission of a call to prevent damage and then undeahat is bandwith?fen in order to hear a response.

124
Q

What sort of frequency do bats use?

A

Ultrasonic

125
Q

what 3 types of call are there?

A

broadband, narrowband and bandwith

126
Q

What are narrowband calls?

A

more or less the same frequncy

127
Q

what is broadband calls?

A

the bat calls at a broad range of frequencies

128
Q

what is bandwith?

A

the breadth of frequiences

129
Q

what is the doppler effect used for?

A

used to detect moving targets

130
Q

what is the doppler effect?

A

where the frequency of calls seem to change the further and closer you get

131
Q

what is olfactory?

A

smelling

132
Q

What are the methods of infomation transfer?

A

olfactory, visual, tatile auditory

133
Q

what is stridulation

A

act of rubbing together something to produce sound

Mammals (11 decks)

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