Running out of time shit Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 different sections in the vertebral column?
A
Cervical/Thoratic/lumbar/Sacral and Caudal. (Cats think liking socks is cool)
2
Q
what are the three bones in the ear which used to be part of the jaw
A
stapes, incus,malleus
3
Q
what are ruminents?
A
possess a 4 chambered stomach
4
Q
what is vibrassae
A
whiskers
5
Q
whats the difference between the hindgut and foregut?
A
foregut is posessed by ruminants; the hindgut has slower digestion but less nutririonally dense.
6
Q
what are the sections of the ruminant gut?
A
Reticulum,omassum,abomassum,rumen. (rosie owns a rabbit)
7
Q
what is the process of ruminent digestion?
A
large food particles pass to the reticulum -where cud is formed;the cud is then remasticated and then sent down yo the reticulum, then omassum and then finally yhe abomassum where enzymatic digestion occurs
8
Q
most mammals have teeth which are …..
A
brachyodont - short crowned and enamel formation seases when the tooth erupts through the gum
9
Q
many herbivores have what type of teeth
A
hypsodont - high crowned teeth - because they are subject to rapid wear and abrasion.
10
Q
what is hypselodont?
A
continuously growing teeth - lagomorphs and rodents
11
Q
what is the diastema
A
space between the two teeth - typical in rodents
12
Q
what is bunodont?
A
cusps form seperate rounded hillocks that crush and grind food - pigs, some rodents,carnivorians and primates
13
Q
what type of teeth are herbivores likelty to have
A
lophodont or selenodont teeth finely seperate and grind vegetation
14
Q
what are sectorial teeth
A
blade like cutting edges - many insectivores, carnivores and bats
15
Q
what are carnassials/
A
specialised sectorial teeth - shearing front teeth in carnivores
16
Q
What are cusorial mammals?
A
Those that run
17
Q
What are the three special bones in the mammalian pelvic gurdle?
A
illium (extends forward), ischium and pubis (extend backwards)
18
Q
what is the manus?
A
hand
19
Q
what is the pes?
A
feet
20
Q
what is diurnal activity?
A
activity during the day
21
Q
what is aspect ratio
A
how long the wings are compared to how deep they are.
22
Q
What is a high aspect ratio?
A
long narrow wings
23
Q
What is alow aspect ratio?
A
short fat wings
24
Q
What is wing loading?
A
How much the weight of the body is compared to the wings (ratio of weight to wing area)
25
What is high wing loading?
basically a heavier mammal
26
what mamals do echolocation?
bats, toothed whales (dolphins etc) shrews, tenrec
27
What are the ancestors to the synapsids?
Dimetrodon, morganucudon and tupaia.
28
How do cetacenas echolocate?
nasal clicks - monkey lips
29
How do fruit bats echolocate
toungue clicks
30
whats the difference between the dimetradon, morganucudon and the tupaia ancestors?
Dimetrodon has multiple jaw bones, morganucudon and tupaia had a single jaw bone --> then went up to the middle ear.
31
most mammals are...
rodents or bats
32
which mammals only posseses a cloaca?
monotreme (prototheria)
33
the bill of a platypus is sensitive which makes it..
electrorecpetive- used to find prey
34
which monotreme is carnivorous and which is insectivorous
platypus is a carnivore, an echidna is an insectivore
35
are platypus venomous
yes - poisionous spur
36
about monotreme reproduction:
Echidna carries eggs until they hatch. platypus lays eggs. and only one(left) functional ovary. Both have a cloaca
37
why is the doppler effect important in bats?
allows them to judge distance
38
What is the equation of homeothermy?
```
VO2=c(Tb-Ta) =C= VO2 / (Tb – Ta)
– C=Conductance
– VO2= O2 consumption
• Energy conservation
– Minimise Tb – Ta
– Minimise C (Conductance)
```
39
what is zoonoses?
infectious diseases from animals to humans
40
what factors increase the chance of spread of zoonotic diseases?
human population growth- results in more space beign shared with wildlife, outdoor recreation and ecotourism is increasing, ease of global travel and globalization of food markets
41
what 3 factors are needed for a disease to spread
1)host needs to be susseptile to the virus 2) environmental conditions 3)frequent contact
42
what infectious agents cause rabies?
viruses
43
what infectious agents cause tuberculosis and lyme disease?
bacteria
44
What infecious agents cause rocky mountain spotted fever?
rickettsia
45
What infecious agents cause white nose syndrome?
fungi
46
what infecious agents cause echinococoosis?
parsites
47
What infectious agents cause bovine spongiform
prions
48
What is canine distemper
viral disease that effects mammals in carnivora
49
what is thought to have contributed to the extinction of thylacines?
CDV (canine distemper virus)
50
difference between epidemic and pandemic
epidemic is an outbreak on a local scale where pandemic is worldwide
51
how is ebola spread?
body fluids
52
What is EHF
ebola hemorrhagic fever
53
hat is thought to be the natural host of the ebola virus?
bats
54
what 3 viruses similar to ebola are bats host to?
nipah,marberg and lyssa viruses
55
How is lassa fever transmitted to humans
inhaling aerosolized feces or by consuming rodent meat - it is then spreadhuman to human by bodily fluids or sneezing/coughing
56
What are pathogens
bacterial virus which can cause disease
57
was was thought to be the main spreader of the nipah virus
pigs located nea bat colonies
58
what type of disease is rabies
viral zoonotic disease
59
how is rabies typically spread?
through bites - the virus is found in the saliva
60
what are prions?
mutant proteins
61
what is the proper name for mad cow disease
bovine sprongiform encephalopathy
62
can chronic wasting disease be spread to humans
possibly -close relationship with prion disease
63
What type of disease is the plaugue?
bacterial infectious disease
64
What is myrmectrophy?
Ant/Termite specialist
65
what is monochromatic vision
colour blind
66
Which virus is closesly linked to rabies?
Lyssavirus
67
What is enccephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
68
What is a pathogen?
microorganisim that can cause disease
69
What are some known pathogens?
```
Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• (Macro)parasites
• Prions
```
70
Hydrophobia is associated with with disease?
rabies - it is the inability to swallow
71
The plague (black death/bubonic plaugue) is what sort of disease?
bacterial, spread from rat flease
72
bovine sprongiform encephalopathy is also known as what?
Mad cow disease
73
What agent causes mad cow disease?
prions
74
What is the primary resiovour of ebola?
bats
75
Nipah and hendra are found in which mammals?
bats
76
What is the resoivour for the hantavirus?
rodents
77
what causes white nose syndrome and what is it present in?
fungi - bats
78
how is devil tumour face spread and why is it interesting?
spread by biting and interesting because the tumours have different dna to its host
79
What are the requirements for domestication?
```
Adaptable diet
• Growth rate
• Captive breeding
• Less aggressive
• Predictable, even
temperament
• Social, hierarchical
```
80
What is Neoteny
retention of childlike characteristics
81
what is the earliest and latest domesticated mammal?
wolf is the earliest - rodents are the latest
82
What are the 5 social systems?
```
Asocial
• Mother-Young
• Family
• Clan
• Eusocial
```
83
What is a fission fusion soceity?
meerkats -In a fission–fusion society, the main parent group can fracture (fission) into smaller stable subgroups or individuals to adapt to environmental or social circumstances. For example, a number of males may break off from the main group in order to hunt or forage for food during the day, but at night they may return to join (fusion) the primary group to share food and partake in other activities.
84
What are the benefits to living in groups?
Antipredator
• Foraging
• Reproductive
• Physiology
85
What are the cons to living in groups?
Predation
• Foraging
• Reproductive
86
What is the dilution effect?
pro of living in groups - less chance of being caught when there are more of you
87
What is the selfish herd?
group positioning - usually more important individuals are in the centre of the group so they are less likely to be predated
88
What is kleptoparaitism
stealing someone elses food
89
what is lekking?
males provide no care for young and often its the females that hunt for the males.
90
Which mamals is lekking most common in
bats
91
What is altruism
selflessness
92
what is philopatry
tendancy for a species to return to its home nest
93
what are the male reproductive strateigesi in stoats
Roamer
– Stayer
– Transients
94
Atlas and axis =
atlas is vertebrae nearest to skull, Axis is underneath atlas - both part of the cervical.
95
What are the 5 vertebrae sections?
Cats Think Licking Socks is Cool - Cervical, Thoratic, Lumbar, Sacral, caudal/Coxix
96
Axial Skeleton?
Skull vertebrae, ribs and sternum
97
Appendicular skeleton =
Appendages and girdle
98
what are the axial vertebrae near the skull?
Occipital Atlanto-occipital, Atlas, axis
99
Dorsal vertebrae join to...
Thoratic vertebrae
100
Ventrall to...
Dorsal Vertebrae
101
The shoulder girdle consists of
Pectoral (actual shoulder girdle) , scapula - shoulder blade , clavial - collar bone
102
Pelvic girdle consists of:
Illium, ishium and Pubis
103
Radius & ulna are part of what
Wrist
104
tibula and fibula are part of what
Shin
105
5 digits are ancestral - pollex and hollux are what?
Pollex - thumb, Hollux - big toe
106
Difference between somatic and non somatic muscles?
Somatic are voluntary movemement, nonsomatic are not
107
What is cursorial
Running
108
the 4 requirements of running
(Shoes pointed more evenely) - Stability/propulsion/manouverability/endurace
109
What types of posture are there
Plantigrade, digigrade and ungulade
110
what is plantigrade digitgrade and ungulade?
Plantigrade is walking on the palm (Planted on the floor), Digitgrade is walking on the digits, and unguligrade is walking on toes (such as der)
111
Which species walk on knuckles?
Anteater and gorrilla
112
What is saltorial
Jumping/richocheting/hopping - like the sifaka
113
What is the wing membrane on bat iss called
Patagium
114
What are volant animals
Being able to fly
115
What mammals echolocate?
Tenrec, bats, cetaceans and shrews
116
Which mammals echolocate through the nose (nasal clicks)
odontacetea (toothed whales)
117
Which mammals echolocate through toungue clicks?
bats (Pteropodid)
118
What organ helps to echolocate?
The larynx
119
the characteristics of a bat call
Intensity/time/frequency and sequence (In the field of sound)
120
What types of calls do bats produce
badnwith, broadband, narrowband
121
neural attenuation?
nerves in bat ears slow down the rate of transmission to reduce damage
122
what are the ways to prevent damage to ear
beaming, neural attenuation, insulation and ear anatomy and self defeaning
123
what is self defening?
make themselves deaf during a transmission of a call to prevent damage and then undeahat is bandwith?fen in order to hear a response.
124
What sort of frequency do bats use?
Ultrasonic
125
what 3 types of call are there?
broadband, narrowband and bandwith
126
What are narrowband calls?
more or less the same frequncy
127
what is broadband calls?
the bat calls at a broad range of frequencies
128
what is bandwith?
the breadth of frequiences
129
what is the doppler effect used for?
used to detect moving targets
130
what is the doppler effect?
where the frequency of calls seem to change the further and closer you get
131
what is olfactory?
smelling
132
What are the methods of infomation transfer?
olfactory, visual, tatile auditory
133
what is stridulation
act of rubbing together something to produce sound
