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Mammals > L4 Physiology > Flashcards

L4 Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main characteristics that are shared with non-mammals

A

Endothermy /Homeothermy
Sub-cutaneous fat
Circulation and respiration

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2
Q

Endothermy/homeothermy characteristics

A 
Maintain relatively
constant body
temperature (Tb)
• Energy sources within
body
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3
Q

What is homeothermy

A

Different between endothermy because homeothermy doesnt require you to make your own internal body heat-(For example, poikilotherms and ectotherms could also be homeotherms) it is just simply the ability to maintain a consitant and stable body temperature.

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4
Q

What are the purposes of subcataneous fat

A

Insulation and energy storage

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5
Q

What is endothermy?

A

Ability to generate heat internally and maintain a stable body temperature

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6
Q

What is ectothermy?

A

Body temperature as a result from outside sources; such as basking. (Relying on external sources for heat supply)

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7
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

Where the internal temperature changes with the environment - very variable and opposite of homeothermy.

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8
Q

What is diurnal?

A

operating through the day - opposite to nocturnal

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9
Q

What are the pro’s of homeothermy?

A 
Homeostasis
• Independence from
thermal regimes
– Diurnal
– Seasonal
– Geographical
• Continuous activity
– Physical
– Nutritional, Feeding
– Biochemical activity
• Enzymes
• O2
– CNS function-nervous system and information processing
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10
Q

Cons of homeothermy

A 
Hyperthermia
• Physiological damage
• Water loss
• Circulatory efficiency
• Structural damage
• Proteins, lipid membranes
Hypothermia
• Enzyme function
• Lipid membrane
• Cell damage (Freezing
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11
Q

Whats the difference between hypothermia and hyperthermia?

A

Hyper-thermia - excessive heat

Hypothermia - too much heat loss

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12
Q

About how much (%) of energy is spent on heat regulation?

A

80-90%

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13
Q

VO2= C(Tb – Ta) -Explain

A 
VO2 = Volume of oxygen used or metabolic cost
C= Conductance (How insulated you are/how you keep in heat - prevent the loss of heat)
Tb = Body temperature
Ta = Ambiet (outside) temperature
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14
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone

A

An endotherms tolerable temperature range 36-38 degrees in eutherians (lower critical temperature and higher critical temperature)

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15
Q

What does TNZ stand for

A

Thermal neutral zone

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16
Q

Why are thermal neutral zones variable in mammals?

A

Difference in mass - larger animals require less energy to maintain heat. Smalller animals require more energy to maintain heat.

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17
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

BMR - state of homeostatis in regards to energy - minium required to exist. There is also a relationship between BMR and body mass.

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18
Q

What is inertia

A

This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion

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19
Q

Metatherian BMR tend to be what compared to eutheria?

A

Lower.

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20
Q

What types of ‘vores are there?

A

Carnivore, Herbivore, omnivore, insectivore and foliovore

21
Q

What is a foliovore?

A

Those which eat specifically leaves - sloth and koala

22
Q

Which types usually have low metabolic rates?

A

Foliovores
– Soil/Litter omnivores
– Ant/termite specialists

23
Q

Which types usually have high metabolic rates?

A

Small carnivores
– Shrews
– Aquatic carnivores (stoats/weasel etc)

24
Q

What is Bergmanns Rule?

A

Theory that body size increases with latitude/temperature –> Surface area to volume ratio (larger animal tends to have a lower surface area to volume ratio which means conducatnace rate is lower (the rate at which heat is lost to the environment)).

25
Q

Why is Bergmanns rule questioned?

A

Challenged as a rule
– Reproductive rates
– Rate of change insufficient

26
Q

How would you go about conserving enegry by using the equation?

A

Minimise Tb – Ta

• Minimise C (Conductance) - be heterothermic –> regional or temporal

27
Q

What is regional and temporal heterothermy

A

Regional –> different temperatures within the body. Temporal –> different temperatures at different times

28
Q

usually, which parts of the body are can be regional heterothemic?>

A

Limbs/Tail/Nose/Ears
– Vasoconstriction–> Beaver tail or dolphin fins with countercurrent heat exchange (there is still circulation but at a lower temperature)

29
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

30
Q

What animals use temporal heterothemy?

A

bats, dormice

31
Q

What are the three types of variation in temporal heterothermy?

A

Daily torpor
– Seasonal torpor
– Profound hibernation

32
Q

Torpor can occur daily and seasonal, t/f?

A

true

33
Q

General characteristics of hibernation (NOT torpor) - such as dormice and marmot

A 
Profound hibernation
• Major drop in Tb
• To ~1oC from Ta
• Reduced oxygenation
• Suspended
respiration (apnoea)
• Reduced heart rate
• Arousal if Ta drops 
endogenous heat generation -adipose tissue/fat
34
Q

What are the ways to generate heat?

A 
Rapid arousal
• Shivering
• Non-shivering
thermogenesis (NST)
• Brown Adipose Tissue
• Fat metabolism
– 10x muscular heat product
• High density mitochondria
• Highly vascularised
• Cold > Cell proliferation
35
Q

Why do edible dormice and bears hibernate in caves?

A

stable temperature (thermal inertia)

36
Q

What is hibernacula?

A

Where animals go/seek refuge ready for hibernation

37
Q

in order to keep in heat, animals need to minimise the difference between what? (The equation)

A

Body temperature and ambient temperature (and vary conductance- on another slide)

38
Q

what is piloerection?

A

Goosebumps- involuntary erection of hair follicles in response to cold triggers

39
Q

how do animals keep insulated

A

piloerection, increase of thickness of hair through winter pelage hair, construction of hair effects insulation aswell (pronghorn) - hollow fibres with alot of air, fat layers (particulary in marine mammals).

40
Q

The surface area : Volume ratio is bigger or smaller in smaller mammals than biggers mammals?

A

Bigger. larger animals have smaller surface area:volume ratio.

41
Q

What is Allens rule?

A

Animals living in more extreme environments have smaller extremeties than animals living in stable environments (reducing heat loss)

42
Q

What are the methods of evaporative cooling?

A

Sweating, spreading of saliva (fruit bats), urination, panting

43
Q

what is a Xeric environment?

A

Dry environment

44
Q

How do mammals source water in arid envrionments?

A

drinking and metabolic water(from digestion of food)

45
Q

How do mammals conserve water?

A 
Kidney function
– Resorption, concentration
• Gut function
– Resorption from faeces
• Lactation
– Milk concentration-less water to young
– Consumption of waste
• Diet (higher water content)
• Behaviour(exposure to heat)
• Respiration
– Water exchange
46
Q

Metabolic water is a result of what?

A

aerobic metabolism

47
Q

Which desert mammal relies entirely on metabolic water?

A

Kangaroo rat

48
Q

How do camels tolerate heat?

A 
Circadian variation
• Thermal inertia
– Late day ~ 40oC
– Adaptive hyperthermia
– Avoids evaporative cooling
• Night=Rapid heat loss
• Tolerate dehydration
– Minimal blood volume loss
– Interstitial, intracellular fluid
• Reduce water loss
– Nasal countercurrent
– Urine concentration
– Faecal dehydration

Mammals (11 decks)

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