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Mammals > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is viviparity

A

Development of the embryo within the oviduct

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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of reproduction in Monotremes?

A 
Egg-laying
Single functioning ovary
(platypus)
Cloaca
Mammary glands
No nipples
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3
Q

What are the general characteristics of reproduction in Marsupials?

A 
Cloaca
Basic placenta
Brief gestation
Long lactation
Develop in pouch
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4
Q

What are the general characteristics of reproduction in Eutherians?

A

Advanced placenta
Longer gestation
Shorter lactation

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5
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

e common cavity that serves as the opening for the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts in many vertebrates,

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6
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Sexually reproducing organs; testes and ovaries.

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7
Q

What is the difference between a seasonal and abdominal testes?

A

Some animals retain the testes in the abdominal cavity when the body temperature is low enough to allow sperm maturation. Seasonal testes occurs when the testes are drawn back into the cavity between breeding seasons, interrupting sperm maturation.

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8
Q

What is the baculum?

A

Penis bone, absent in humans, but present in other primates

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9
Q

What does intromittent mean?

A

A specialised male organ to deliver sperm during copulation

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10
Q

What type of penis does a marsupial have?

A

Bifid penis - Forked

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11
Q

What is a bifid penis?

A

Forked, or double penis.

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12
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The head of the penis, most sensitive

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13
Q

what are penis spines called?

A

Epithelial spines

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14
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The production of eggs

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15
Q

What are the different eutherian uterine types?

A

Duplex, Bipartite,Bicornuate, and simplex

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16
Q

Rodents have which uterine type?

A

Duplex

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17
Q

Whales have which uterine type?

A

Bipartite

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18
Q

Most bats have which uterine type?

A

Bicornuate

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19
Q

Higher primates have which uterine type?

A

Simplex

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20
Q

What is a duplex uterus?

A

2 uteri and 2 cervix

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21
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

Where the sperm is formed in the testes

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the scrotum?

A

To keep the testes at a cooler temperature - 2degrees lower than the body

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23
Q

What is a bipartite uterus

A

2 uteri and 1 cervix

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24
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus?

A

The uterus is Y shaped

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25
Q

What is a simplex uterus?

A

No horns, 1 uterine body- fused into a single organ.

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26
Q

What is the oestrous cycle?

A

The reproductive cycle of female mammals (Not including higher primates).

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27
Q

What is an induced ovulation?

A

Occurs when ovulation is induced by an external stimulus.

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28
Q

What is Embryonic Diapause?

A

Reproductive strategy whereby the embryo does not immediately implant in the uterine wall, but is maintained in a state of dormancy. As a result, gestations is prolonged.

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29
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises.

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30
Q

What does altricial mean?

A

Born with little or no hair, eyes closed, requires maternal care

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31
Q

What does precocial mean?

A

Young born mobile, without much need for maternal care (Active at birth).

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32
Q

What is Parturition

A

The act of giving birth

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33
Q

what is embryonic diapause?

A

In embryonic diapause, the embryo (blastocyst) does not immediately implant in the uterus, but is maintained in a state of dormancy

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34
Q

What is the difference between abdominal and scrotal testes?

A

Scrotal testes are seasonal; used for display purposes

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35
Q

Which orders of animals have abdominal testes?

A

Monotremes,
Cetacea, Xenarthra,
Paenungulata)

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36
Q

What type of penis does an echidna have?

A

Bifid penis - its forked (4 rosettes)

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37
Q

What are the main two ways in which nutrients can be transferred from mother to offpsring in mammals

A

Umbilical cord and milk

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38
Q

How are nutrients passed from mother to eggs in egg laying mammals?

A

egg yolk - small gestation time

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39
Q

What is interesting about the ovaries in monotremes?

A

Only one is functional

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40
Q

Do marsupials have a placenta?

A

Yes, but its short lived and not as well developed as in true placental mammals (Eutherian).

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41
Q

What is the big difference between parental care in regards to nutrient transfer between eutherians and metatherians?

A

Metatherians tend to have more nutrient transfer in lactation compared to eutherians which have most nutritional transfer in utero and a compartively shorter lactation time.

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42
Q

What produces male gametes?

A

Testes

43
Q

are abdominal tests permanently internal?

A

yes

44
Q

Why do cetaceans have internal testes?

A

reduces drag and temperature control

45
Q

What type of signal (dishonest/honest) does a conspicious sexual anataomy present?

A

Honest signal of dominance - its hard to fake bright blue balls for example.

46
Q

What is the penis bone called

A

Baculum

47
Q

What type of uterus do strepsirhini have?

A

Bicornuate

48
Q

What type of uterus do haplorhini have?

A

Simplex

49
Q

What are the seminiforous tubules?

A

Structures within the testes where meisosis occurs (Spermatogenesis)

50
Q

What is the vas deferans?

A

Duct which carries the sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct

51
Q

The intromittent organ transfers the male gametes. True or false?

A

True

52
Q

marsupials have what type of penis?

A

Bifid (forked) 4 rosettes (2 on each side)

53
Q

How many vaginas do most marsupials have?

A

2 & 1 psuedovagina which is the birth canal

54
Q

What does semelparous mean?

A

When mammals only have a single reproductive season in its entire lifetime.

55
Q

What is the purpose of a bifid penis?

A

To deposit sperm in both vaginal canals

56
Q

what are the spines called on some penises?

A

Epithelial spines

57
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial spines?

A

To get rid of competitors sperm already in the vaginal canal.

58
Q

Why is ejaculate volume important?

A

Improves the chance of fertilisation over competitors sperm

59
Q

What does the baculum aid in?

A

Intromission and induced ovulation

60
Q

What is interersting about monotreme ovaries?

A

Only one is functional

61
Q

explain the uterine formation in marsupials

A

2 vaginas (&1 psuedovagina) and 2 uteruses

62
Q

Explain the uterine formation in eutheria?

A

1 vagina 1 uterus

63
Q

Explain the uterine formation in monotremes

A

1 functional ovary, 2 uteruses and a cloaca

64
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

The only opening for intenstinal, reproductive and urinary tracts.

65
Q

out of the 3 main mammalian groups whichpossess a true cloaca?

A

monotremes

66
Q

What are the 4 basic uterine types?

A

Simplex, duplex, bicornuate, bipartite

67
Q

What type of reproductive system do humans have?

A

Simplex

68
Q

What type of reproductive system to rodents have?

A

Duplex

69
Q

What type of reproductive system do whales have

A

Bi partite

70
Q

What type of reproductive system do bats and some carnivores have

A

Bicornuate

71
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

egg production.

72
Q

for most mammals copulation is ….. (in terms of when it happens)

A

Seasonal

73
Q

What is oeustrous cycle

A

The sexual cycle (apart from higher primates) where they are in heat(receptive time) and ready for reproduction

74
Q

What is Monoestrous cycle

A

Single periods of oestrous per year

75
Q

What is Polyoestrous cycle

A

Multiple periods of oestrous per year

76
Q

Which mammals have induced eastrous cycles?

A

Rabbits and carnivores

77
Q

How are reproductions kept synchronised?

A

Reproductive delay by storing sperm, Delayed development and delayed implantation

78
Q

What is one example of a mammal which uses reproductive delay as a synchronisation tactic?

A 
Rhinolophid(Horseshoe) /
Vespertilionid bats (pipistrelle) -> copulation before torpor
79
Q

What is reproductive delay

A

Storage of viable sperm until a suitable time of fertilisation

80
Q

What is delayed development

A 
Where eggs have been fertilisated but there is a stall in the embryonic development:Bats
• Egg fertilised
• Develops to
blastocyst, implants
• Embryonic
development stalls
• Resumes after
months
• Seasonal availablility
of food
• Synchrony of births
81
Q

What is delayed implantation

A

Blastocytes are fertilised but not implanted- just float about. Facultative:Can decide to implant directly or to wait: Can be regulated by lactation!

82
Q

What is an endogenous eastrous cycle?

A

ovulation from no other factors (such as induced ovulation) but from within.

83
Q

What is another name for delayed implantation

A

Embryonic Diapause

84
Q

What is obligate and facultive implantation?

A

Facultive: Can decide to implant directly or to wait: Can be regulated by lactation! -Rodents, insectivores,
Obligate: Mother has to go through delayed implantation; does not have the oppurtunity to implant directly -Stoats and mustelids

85
Q

What is unusual about stoat reproduction

A

males mate with young (but reproductively mature) young females -Delayed implantation. secure an early litter and high quality male. Female carries fertilised eggs and then can disperse to an area where resources are plentiful.

86
Q

Why do stoats go through delayed implantation?

A

not physically equipped to allow young to develop - not big enough yet.

87
Q

What is the difference between echidna and platypus egg laying?

A

Platypus lays eggs, echidnas eggs retained on body: Sticky secretions
(evolutionary origins of
milk?)
– Carried until hatching

88
Q

Altricial births belong to which mammalian major group?

A

marsupials (metatheria) but they have precocial movement (climbing up into pouch)

89
Q

What is partuition

A

the act of giving birth

90
Q

What are the 4 main hormones involved with birth in eutherians?

A

Adrenocortical hormones = cortisol
Placental hormones= prostagladins
Pituatary hormones = oxytocin
Corpus luteum = relaxin

91
Q

What are the 4 hormones produced and what are their pruposes?

A

Cortisol - stress induced adrenaline
prostagladins - contractions
oxytocin - contractions
relaxin - ligament softening

92
Q

What 2 types of birth development are there in eutherians?

A

Altricial - highly dependant

precocial - fairly well developed

93
Q

Characteristics of altricial and the mammals that have it

A 
Highly dependent
• Blind
• Hairless
• Rabbits, rats,
carnivores
94
Q

Characteristics of preocial and the mammals that have it

A 
Fully haired
• Mobile
• Eyes open
• Most ungulates,
cavies
– Predator escape
95
Q

What are the three stages of lactationin metatheria

A

Mammogenesis
– Early lactogenesis
– Late lactogenesis

96
Q

What is early milk called

A

Colostrum

97
Q

Colostrum is what

A

Early milk

98
Q

Which family does male lactation occur?

A

Dayak fruit bat

– 1 or 2 other Pteropus

99
Q

Why do males commit infanticide?

A

To induce eastrous -stop lactation to secure mating for themselves.

100
Q

What is the Bruce Effect?

A

Females manipulate (abortion) own reproductive behaviour in response to presence of strange males. Common in murids?(rodents)

101
Q

What is polyandry

A

Dominant breeding female with multiple males

102
Q

What is polygyny?

A

Dominant breeding male with multiple females (harem)

103
Q

What is semelparity?

A

Only have one reproductive cycle through entire life - they invest everything into the reproductive attempt and then likely die because they invested so much energy (Such as the Antechinus).

Mammals (11 decks)

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