Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
What is viviparity
A
Development of the embryo within the oviduct
2
Q
What are the general characteristics of reproduction in Monotremes?
A
Egg-laying Single functioning ovary (platypus) Cloaca Mammary glands No nipples
3
Q
What are the general characteristics of reproduction in Marsupials?
A
Cloaca Basic placenta Brief gestation Long lactation Develop in pouch
4
Q
What are the general characteristics of reproduction in Eutherians?
A
Advanced placenta
Longer gestation
Shorter lactation
5
Q
What is a cloaca?
A
e common cavity that serves as the opening for the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts in many vertebrates,
6
Q
What are the gonads?
A
Sexually reproducing organs; testes and ovaries.
7
Q
What is the difference between a seasonal and abdominal testes?
A
Some animals retain the testes in the abdominal cavity when the body temperature is low enough to allow sperm maturation. Seasonal testes occurs when the testes are drawn back into the cavity between breeding seasons, interrupting sperm maturation.
8
Q
What is the baculum?
A
Penis bone, absent in humans, but present in other primates
9
Q
What does intromittent mean?
A
A specialised male organ to deliver sperm during copulation
10
Q
What type of penis does a marsupial have?
A
Bifid penis - Forked
11
Q
What is a bifid penis?
A
Forked, or double penis.
12
Q
What is the glans penis?
A
The head of the penis, most sensitive
13
Q
what are penis spines called?
A
Epithelial spines
14
Q
What is oogenesis?
A
The production of eggs
15
Q
What are the different eutherian uterine types?
A
Duplex, Bipartite,Bicornuate, and simplex
16
Q
Rodents have which uterine type?
A
Duplex
17
Q
Whales have which uterine type?
A
Bipartite
18
Q
Most bats have which uterine type?
A
Bicornuate
19
Q
Higher primates have which uterine type?
A
Simplex
20
Q
What is a duplex uterus?
A
2 uteri and 2 cervix
21
Q
What are seminiferous tubules?
A
Where the sperm is formed in the testes
22
Q
What is the purpose of the scrotum?
A
To keep the testes at a cooler temperature - 2degrees lower than the body
23
Q
What is a bipartite uterus
A
2 uteri and 1 cervix
24
Q
What is a bicornuate uterus?
A
The uterus is Y shaped
25
What is a simplex uterus?
No horns, 1 uterine body- fused into a single organ.
26
What is the oestrous cycle?
The reproductive cycle of female mammals (Not including higher primates).
27
What is an induced ovulation?
Occurs when ovulation is induced by an external stimulus.
28
What is Embryonic Diapause?
Reproductive strategy whereby the embryo does not immediately implant in the uterine wall, but is maintained in a state of dormancy. As a result, gestations is prolonged.
29
What is a blastocyst?
A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises.
30
What does altricial mean?
Born with little or no hair, eyes closed, requires maternal care
31
What does precocial mean?
Young born mobile, without much need for maternal care (Active at birth).
32
What is Parturition
The act of giving birth
33
what is embryonic diapause?
In embryonic diapause, the embryo (blastocyst) does not immediately implant in the uterus, but is maintained in a state of dormancy
34
What is the difference between abdominal and scrotal testes?
Scrotal testes are seasonal; used for display purposes
35
Which orders of animals have abdominal testes?
Monotremes,
Cetacea, Xenarthra,
Paenungulata)
36
What type of penis does an echidna have?
Bifid penis - its forked (4 rosettes)
37
What are the main two ways in which nutrients can be transferred from mother to offpsring in mammals
Umbilical cord and milk
38
How are nutrients passed from mother to eggs in egg laying mammals?
egg yolk - small gestation time
39
What is interesting about the ovaries in monotremes?
Only one is functional
40
Do marsupials have a placenta?
Yes, but its short lived and not as well developed as in true placental mammals (Eutherian).
41
What is the big difference between parental care in regards to nutrient transfer between eutherians and metatherians?
Metatherians tend to have more nutrient transfer in lactation compared to eutherians which have most nutritional transfer in utero and a compartively shorter lactation time.
42
What produces male gametes?
Testes
43
are abdominal tests permanently internal?
yes
44
Why do cetaceans have internal testes?
reduces drag and temperature control
45
What type of signal (dishonest/honest) does a conspicious sexual anataomy present?
Honest signal of dominance - its hard to fake bright blue balls for example.
46
What is the penis bone called
Baculum
47
What type of uterus do strepsirhini have?
Bicornuate
48
What type of uterus do haplorhini have?
Simplex
49
What are the seminiforous tubules?
Structures within the testes where meisosis occurs (Spermatogenesis)
50
What is the vas deferans?
Duct which carries the sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct
51
The intromittent organ transfers the male gametes. True or false?
True
52
marsupials have what type of penis?
Bifid (forked) 4 rosettes (2 on each side)
53
How many vaginas do most marsupials have?
2 & 1 psuedovagina which is the birth canal
54
What does semelparous mean?
When mammals only have a single reproductive season in its entire lifetime.
55
What is the purpose of a bifid penis?
To deposit sperm in both vaginal canals
56
what are the spines called on some penises?
Epithelial spines
57
What is the purpose of epithelial spines?
To get rid of competitors sperm already in the vaginal canal.
58
Why is ejaculate volume important?
Improves the chance of fertilisation over competitors sperm
59
What does the baculum aid in?
Intromission and induced ovulation
60
What is interersting about monotreme ovaries?
Only one is functional
61
explain the uterine formation in marsupials
2 vaginas (&1 psuedovagina) and 2 uteruses
62
Explain the uterine formation in eutheria?
1 vagina 1 uterus
63
Explain the uterine formation in monotremes
1 functional ovary, 2 uteruses and a cloaca
64
What is a cloaca?
The only opening for intenstinal, reproductive and urinary tracts.
65
out of the 3 main mammalian groups whichpossess a true cloaca?
monotremes
66
What are the 4 basic uterine types?
Simplex, duplex, bicornuate, bipartite
67
What type of reproductive system do humans have?
Simplex
68
What type of reproductive system to rodents have?
Duplex
69
What type of reproductive system do whales have
Bi partite
70
What type of reproductive system do bats and some carnivores have
Bicornuate
71
What is oogenesis?
egg production.
72
for most mammals copulation is ..... (in terms of when it happens)
Seasonal
73
What is oeustrous cycle
The sexual cycle (apart from higher primates) where they are in heat(receptive time) and ready for reproduction
74
What is Monoestrous cycle
Single periods of oestrous per year
75
What is Polyoestrous cycle
Multiple periods of oestrous per year
76
Which mammals have induced eastrous cycles?
Rabbits and carnivores
77
How are reproductions kept synchronised?
Reproductive delay by storing sperm, Delayed development and delayed implantation
78
What is one example of a mammal which uses reproductive delay as a synchronisation tactic?
```
Rhinolophid(Horseshoe) /
Vespertilionid bats (pipistrelle) -> copulation before torpor
```
79
What is reproductive delay
Storage of viable sperm until a suitable time of fertilisation
80
What is delayed development
```
Where eggs have been fertilisated but there is a stall in the embryonic development:Bats
• Egg fertilised
• Develops to
blastocyst, implants
• Embryonic
development stalls
• Resumes after
months
• Seasonal availablility
of food
• Synchrony of births
```
81
What is delayed implantation
Blastocytes are fertilised but not implanted- just float about. Facultative:Can decide to implant directly or to wait: Can be regulated by lactation!
82
What is an endogenous eastrous cycle?
ovulation from no other factors (such as induced ovulation) but from within.
83
What is another name for delayed implantation
Embryonic Diapause
84
What is obligate and facultive implantation?
Facultive: Can decide to implant directly or to wait: Can be regulated by lactation! -Rodents, insectivores,
Obligate: Mother has to go through delayed implantation; does not have the oppurtunity to implant directly -Stoats and mustelids
85
What is unusual about stoat reproduction
males mate with young (but reproductively mature) young females -Delayed implantation. secure an early litter and high quality male. Female carries fertilised eggs and then can disperse to an area where resources are plentiful.
86
Why do stoats go through delayed implantation?
not physically equipped to allow young to develop - not big enough yet.
87
What is the difference between echidna and platypus egg laying?
Platypus lays eggs, echidnas eggs retained on body: Sticky secretions
(evolutionary origins of
milk?)
– Carried until hatching
88
Altricial births belong to which mammalian major group?
marsupials (metatheria) but they have precocial movement (climbing up into pouch)
89
What is partuition
the act of giving birth
90
What are the 4 main hormones involved with birth in eutherians?
Adrenocortical hormones = cortisol
Placental hormones= prostagladins
Pituatary hormones = oxytocin
Corpus luteum = relaxin
91
What are the 4 hormones produced and what are their pruposes?
Cortisol - stress induced adrenaline
prostagladins - contractions
oxytocin - contractions
relaxin - ligament softening
92
What 2 types of birth development are there in eutherians?
Altricial - highly dependant
| precocial - fairly well developed
93
Characteristics of altricial and the mammals that have it
```
Highly dependent
• Blind
• Hairless
• Rabbits, rats,
carnivores
```
94
Characteristics of preocial and the mammals that have it
```
Fully haired
• Mobile
• Eyes open
• Most ungulates,
cavies
– Predator escape
```
95
What are the three stages of lactationin metatheria
Mammogenesis
– Early lactogenesis
– Late lactogenesis
96
What is early milk called
Colostrum
97
Colostrum is what
Early milk
98
Which family does male lactation occur?
Dayak fruit bat
| – 1 or 2 other Pteropus
99
Why do males commit infanticide?
To induce eastrous -stop lactation to secure mating for themselves.
100
What is the Bruce Effect?
Females manipulate (abortion) own reproductive behaviour in response to presence of strange males. Common in murids?(rodents)
101
What is polyandry
Dominant breeding female with multiple males
102
What is polygyny?
Dominant breeding male with multiple females (harem)
103
What is semelparity?
Only have one reproductive cycle through entire life - they invest everything into the reproductive attempt and then likely die because they invested so much energy (Such as the Antechinus).
