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STEP 1 > Running List of JUST MEMORIZE part 2 > Flashcards

Running List of JUST MEMORIZE part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

HLA-A3

A

Hemochromatosis

HA3mochromatosis

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2
Q

HLA-B8

A

Addison disease

Myasthenia gravis

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3
Q

HLA-B27

A

PAIR of 27’s

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD associated arthritis
Reactive arthritis

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4
Q

HLA-DQ2/DQ8

A

Celiac disease

I 8 2 much at Dairy Queen

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5
Q

HLA-DR2

A

MS
SLE
Goodpasture

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6
Q

HLA-DR3

A 
T1DM
SLE
Graves
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Addison
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7
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (4 walls in a rheum)
T1DM
Addison

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8
Q

HLA-DR5

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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9
Q

Uterine artery origin
Vaginal artery origin
Ovarian artery origin

A 
Uterine/vaginal = internal iliac
Ovarian = abdominal aorta (same for testicular)
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10
Q

Side effects of theophylline

A 
Metabolized by P450
Cardio/neurotoxic
Heart block
Tachyarrhythmias
Seizures
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11
Q

Sarcoid main hits

A

Widespread noncaseating granulomas
Elevated ACE (serum) and CD4/CD8 (BAL)
CXR/CT: coarse opacities, hilar/mediastinal adenopathy
Associations:
interstitial fibrosis, erythema nodosum, Bell’s, hypercalcemia (increased 1-a-hydroxlylase mediated vitamin D in macs)

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12
Q

ASA overdose acid/base findings

A

Initially resp alkalosis (resp. center stim), 12 hours

Later met acid with resp alk (CO2 too low)

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13
Q

Agents that can trigger IgE INdependent histamine release and allergic reaction

A

Opioids
Radiocontrast
Vancomycin

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14
Q

Sideroblastic anemia
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

delta-ALA synthase
Glycine and succinyl-CoA
X-linked, basophilic stippling

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15
Q

Lead poisoning anemia
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

ferrochelatase, delta-ALA dehydratase
delta-ALA, protoporphyrin
Basophilic stippling, exposure

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16
Q

Acute intermittent porphyria
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

Porphobilinogen deaminase
Porphobilinogen
5 P’s: painful, port wine urine, polyneuropathy, psych, precipitated by drugs, EtOH
Tx: glucose and heme (inhibit ALA-synthase)

Por Phloks with Painful Porphyria

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17
Q

Porphyria cutanea tarda
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Uroporphyrin (tea colored urine) (uroporphyrinogen III)
Blistering photosensitivity, most common

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18
Q

Late skin test induration - cell types responsible?

A

CD4+

Macrophages

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19
Q

Define pleiotropy

A

1 gene mutation affects many different tissues/expressions

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20
Q

Define locus heterogeneity

A

Many mutations can lead to same disease/trait/phenotype

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21
Q

Important enzyme in triglyceride metabolism?

A

Glycerol kinase
Glycerol -> glycerol-3-phosphate
via DHAP-> glycolysis

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22
Q

Conductive vs. sensorineural hearing loss

A

Conductive:
Rinne -> BC>AC with loss in affected ear
Weber -> lateralizes to affected side

Senorineural:
Rinne -> normal (AC>BC)
Weber -> lateralizes to unaffected side (can hear it in good ear)

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23
Q

Risk factors for transitional carcinoma of the bladder

A

Smoke

Occupation: rubber, analine dyes, textiles, leather etc

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24
Q

Causes of myopathy (nml and elevated CK)

A

nml CK:
GC induced
Polymyalgia rheumatica

elevated CK:
statin induced
inflammatory myopathy (poly/dermatomyositis)
hypothyroid myopathy

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25
Q

Dimercaperol

A

Treatment for arsenic/insecticide tox

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26
Q

TNF-a inhibitors and indications

A

Etanercept: decoy receptor (interception)
RA, psoriasis, AS

Infliximab/adalimumam: anti-TNF-a antibody
IBD, RA, AS, psoriasis

Careful of latent TB reactivation!!!

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27
Q

Zenker diverticulum

A

FALSE! - herniation through weak muscle

Elder MIKE has bad breath:
Elderly
Males
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Killian triangle
Esophegeal dysmotility
Halitosis
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28
Q

Clomiphene citrate

A 
E2 modulator (antag at E2 receptor in hypothalamus)
Useful for fertility in PCOS patients
29
Q

Cresentric glomerulosclerosis but fluro neg

A

Pauci immune = ANCA

30
Q

Elevated alk phos of unclear origin - follow up test?

A

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
If elevated = hepatic origin
If not = bone origin

31
Q

Drug induced vertical nystagmus??

A

PCP (phencyclidine)

NMDA antagonist

32
Q

Sheehan’s pathophys

A

Pituitary grows in pregnancy - outgrows blood supply

Loss of blood with more intensive childbirths can lead to ischemic necrosis

33
Q

Endothelium dependent vasodilation

A

In endothelial cell:
Arginine + O2 ——-(eNOS)——–> NO + citrulline
eNOS activated by Ach, BK, shear stress

In smooth muscle:
GTP ———–(guanylate cyclase)——-> cGMP
guanylate cyclase activated by NO

cGMP -> vasodilation

34
Q

Acetoacetate - what is it?

A

Ketone body

Along with beta-hydroxybuterate

35
Q

Role of calcineurin in the immune system

Drugs that interfere

A

Calcineruin dephos NFAT
NFAT goes to nucleus and stimulates IL-2 production
IL-2 recruits T cells

Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus both inhibit calcineurin

36
Q

Annular pancreas vs. failure of fusion

A

Failure of ventral portion to migrate correctly
Results in duodenal compression

Failure of ventral and dorsal fusion = pancreas divism -> predisposes to acute/chronic pancreatitis

37
Q

Hemorrhoids vs. fissure

A

Above pectinate line:
Internal hemorrhoids are painless - visceral innervation

Below pectinate line:
External hemorrhoids are painful if thrombosed - somatic innervation
Anal fissure - painful, blood on paper, posterior (poorly perfused)

38
Q

Hemorrhoids - blood supply

A

Internal:
Arterial - superior rectal artery (IMA)
Venous - superior rectal vein -> IM vein -> portal

External:
Arterial - inferior rectal artery (internal pudendal)
Venous - inferior rectal vein -> internal pudendal vein -> internal iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> IVC

39
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei - locals

A

Ventromedial: satiety
Lateral: hunger
Anterior: cooling
Posterior: heating

TAN HATS: Thirst, Anterior pit, Neuro pit, Hunger, Autonomic, Temp, Sexual urges

40
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei - transit

A

Arcuate: dopamine, GHRH, GnRH
Paraventricular: ADH, CRH, oxy, TRH
Supraoptic: ADH, oxy
Suprachiasmatic: circadian rhythm, pineal gland fxn

TAN HATS: Thirst, Ant pit, Neuro pit, Hunger, Autonomic, Temp, Sexual urges

41
Q

Thalamus

A

VPL: ST, DC/ML - pain, temp, touch, vib, prop
VPM: trigeminal, gustatory
LGN: CN II, to calcarine sulcus (Lat = Light)
MGN: superior olive, inferior colliculus (Med = Music)
Ventral lateral: basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor

42
Q

Limbic system

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus
Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex

43
Q

Dopaminergic pathways

A

Mesocortical: dec activity, neg symptoms
Mesolimbic: inc activity, pos symptoms
Nigrostriatal: dec activity, extrapyr sympt
Tuberoinfundibular: dec activity, inc PRL

44
Q

Inc maternal serum AFP

Dec maternal serum AFP

A

Inc AFP: NT defect, ventral wall defect, multi/twin
Dec AFT: aneuplodies
Inc ßHCG: 21
Dec ßHCG: 18

45
Q

Watershed zones in the colon

A 
Splenic flexure (SMA and IMA)
Rectosigmoid jxn (sigmoid and superior rectal)
46
Q

ßhCG detection

A

Serum: 8 days (starts STB at day 6)
Urine: 14 days

47
Q

What is responsible for decreased Ca++ levels after myocardial contraction?

A

Na/Ca exchanger

48
Q

Malignant ovarian neoplasms:
EGS

Epithelial

A

Serous - most common. psomma

Mucinous - pseudomyxoma peritonei, mucus

49
Q

Malignant ovarian neoplasms:
EGS

Germ cell

A

Dysgerminoma
adolescents, ßbHCG and LDH
Fried egg cells

Yolk sac (endodermal)
AFP
Schiller-Duvall bodies (mini-glomeruli)

50
Q

Malignant ovarian neoplasms:
EGS

Stroma (sex) cell

A

Granulosa cell tumor
Increased estrogen, inhibin
Call-Exner bodies, coffee nuclei

Leydig/sertoli
Increased androgens

51
Q

RA most commonly leads to what lung dz?

Exacerbated by what drug/treatment?

A

Fibrosis

MTX

52
Q

EtOH inhibition of gluconeogenesis

A

Increased NAD+/NADH ratio

Inhibits all NAD+ requiring processes

53
Q

Most common melanoma mutation

Treatment

A

V600E -> BRAF

Vemurafenib (Ben Franklin’s Venom)

54
Q

MEN1
MEN2a
MEN2b

A

1: Pancreas (especially gastrinomas), Pituitary, Parathyroid
2a: Medullary thyroid (calcitonin), Pheo, Parathyroid
2b: Medullary thyroid (calcitonin), Pheo, CNS (also neurofibromas, marfan habitus)

All RET genes

55
Q

Biopsy on:
Hashimotos
Dequervain
Ridels

A

Hash: mononuclear infiltrate with follicles (B cells)

Deq: mixed cells with granular/multinuc giant cells (pain)

Ridels: extensive fibrosis extending beyond capsule

56
Q

NADPH functions

A

Cholesterol synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis
Glutathione antioxidant mechanism

57
Q

Coronary artery dz in a SLE patient?

A

Cushing’s from exogenous steroid
Both SLE and Cushing’s increase risk for coronary artery dz
Adrenals will show bilateral atrophy

58
Q

Patient with hx of autoimmune disorder presents with weight loss, hypotension, n/v (maybe hyperpigmentation)

A

Acute adrenal insufficiency

Needs shock tx with dex ASAP

59
Q

Gynacomastia prevention?

A

Tamoxifen

60
Q

RT PCR detects what?

A

mRNA in the sample

61
Q

Abcess formation due to?

A

Lysosomal content release by macrophages

62
Q

Power =

A

1 - ß

63
Q

Brown/black pigment gall stones

A

Secondary to infection OR hemolytic anemia (conjuation of bili in ducts by beta-gluc)
Low cholesterol, high Ca++
Due to release of beta-glucuronidase by injured cells
Ecoli, ascaris, or fluke

64
Q

Cheyene stokes breathing?

A

CHF patients

65
Q

Chronic lung transplant rejection results in

A

Bronchiolitis obliterans (targets small airways)

66
Q

Buerger Disease

A

Segmental vasculitis extending into the continuous nerve and vein

67
Q

Ovary epithelial linig

A

simple cubodial

68
Q

Acid vs base intranuclear inclusions

A 
Acid = HSV
Base = CMV
69
Q

Extramammary paget dz vs. melanoma

A 
Paget = PAS+, Keratin +, S100-
Melanoma = PAS-, Keratin -, S100+

Paget’s = PAKET’S100 (S100 = - on the otherside ‘)

STEP 1 (11 decks)

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