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STEP 1 > Running list of JUST MEMORIZE > Flashcards

Running list of JUST MEMORIZE Flashcards

1
Q

1st aortic arch

A

Maxillary artery

1st arch is MAXimal

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2
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

Stapedial and hyoid arter

Second = Stapedius

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3
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

Common carotid and internal carotid

3rd = C

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4
Q

4th aortic arch

A

Left = aortic arch
Right = subclavian
4 Limbs

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5
Q

5th aortic arch

A

Obliterates

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6
Q

6th aortic arch

A

Proximal pulmonary arteries

Ductus arteriosus

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7
Q

Right recurrent vs. left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Right wraps subclavian

Left wraps aortic arch distal to DA

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8
Q

Pharyngeal clefts derived from

A

eCtoderm

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9
Q

Pharyngeal arches derived from

A

mesoderm and neural crest

ARCH = CREST

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10
Q

Pharyngeal pouches derived from

A

endoderm

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11
Q

Pharyngeal embryologic derivatives

A

CAP (outside to inside)
Cleft = ecto
Arch = meso/crest
Pouch = endo

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12
Q

1st pharyngeal cleft

A

External auditory meatus

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13
Q

2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts

A

Temporary cervical sinuses

Persistent = lateral neck cyst, immobile with swallow

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch nerves mneumonic

A 
When at golden arches:
Chew (V2/V3 of V)
Smile (VII)
Swallow stylish (stylopharyngeus IX)
Simply swallow (superior laryngeal X)
Speak (recurrent laryngeal X)
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15
Q

1st pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Maxiallary, Mandibular processes
Malleus, Incus
Masseter, Medial/lateral pterygoids
Mylohyoid
Anterior diagastric
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16
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Stapes
Styloid
Lesser horn of hyoid
Stylohyoid ligament
Muscles of facial expression
Stapedius
Platysma
Posterior diagastric
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17
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch derivatives

A

Greater horn of hyoid

Stylopharyngeus

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18
Q

4th/6th pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Arytenoids
Cricoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Thyroid
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19
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Ear

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20
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Tonsils

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21
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Dorsal -> inferior parathyroids

Ventral -> thymus

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22
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Dorsal -> superior parathyroids

Ventral -> ultimobranchial body, C cells

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23
Q

RDS of glycolysis

A

PFK-1

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24
Q

RDS of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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25
Q

RDS of TCA

A

Isocitrate DH

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26
Q

RDS of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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27
Q

RDS of glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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28
Q

RDS of HMP shunt

A

G6PD

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29
Q

RDS of De novo pyrimidine synthesis

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

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30
Q

RDS of De novo purine synthesis

A

PRPP amidotransferase

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31
Q

RDS of urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

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32
Q

RDS of fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

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33
Q

RDS of Fatty acid oxidation

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I

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34
Q

RDS of ketogenesis

A

HMG-CoA synthase

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35
Q

RDS of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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36
Q

Enzyme deficient in MSUD

A

Branched chain amino acid breakdown

Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine

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37
Q

Enzyme deficient in Alkaptonuria

A

Homogentisate oxidase

Blue-black disease

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38
Q

Enzyme deficient in homocystinuria (3 types)

treatment

A 
Cystathionine synthase (dec met, inc cys, inc B12)
Pyridoxal phosphate (inc cys, inc B6)
Methionine synthase (inc met)
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39
Q

Enzyme deficient in cystinuria

A

CPT transport of Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, and Arginine

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40
Q

Enzyme deficient in Von Gierke

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Inc Glycogen = Inc Gout

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41
Q

Enzyme deficient in Pompe

A

a 1-4 glucosidase

Pompe trashes the Pump

42
Q

Enzyme deficient in Cori disease

A

Debranching enzyme (a 1,6 glucosidase)

43
Q

Enzyme deficient in McArdle

A

Skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase

McArdle = Muscle

44
Q

5 T’s of congenital heart dz

A 
Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel)
Transposition (2 switched vessels)
Tricuspid atresia (TRI)
Tetraology of Fallot (TETRA) - PROVe
TAPVR (5 letters) - and what you have (probably not)
45
Q

CYP450 induction

A

CHRONIC ALCOHOLics STeal PHEN-PHEN and NEver Refuse GReasy CARBs

Chronic alcohol use
St. John's Wart
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Nevirapine
Rifampin
Griseofulvin
Carbamazepine
46
Q

CYP450 substrates

A

Always Think When Ovulating, Silly!

Anti-epileptics
Theophylline (PDE inhibitor, bronchodilator)
Warfarin
OCP's
Statins
47
Q

CYP450 inhibitors

A

AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine

Acute alcohol abuse
Ritonavir
Amiodarone
Cimentidine/cipro
Ketoconazole
Sulfonamides
INH
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Macrolides (except Azy = A OK)
48
Q

Mood disorder drugs

A

Larry’s Light Velvet Carbs

Lamotrigine (stuffed llama in sketchy)
Lithium
Valproic acid (banner in sketchy)
Carbamazipine (frozen car in sketchy)

49
Q

Focal simple/complex seizure treatments

A

PHEN PHEN Grabs Carbs

Phenytoin
Phenobarbitol
Gabapentin
Carbamazipine (esp. trigeminal nerve myalgia)

50
Q

Generalized tonic/clonic (myoclonic, atonic, absence)

A

Larry (the llama) Loves Touching Velvet

Lamotrigine - llama in sketchy
Levitracitam
Topiramate
Valproic acid

51
Q

Can’t pee
Can’t see
Can’t climb a tree

A

Reiter’s

52
Q

Can’t see
Can’t climb a tree
Can’t scream weeeeeee

A

Sjogren’s

53
Q

Can’t pee
Can’t see
Can’t hear a bee

A

Alport syndrome (Col-IV mutation)

54
Q 
Epithelial cancer marker
Lymphoid cancer marker
Mesenchymal cancer marker
Myeloid cancer marker
Neuroendrocrine cancer marker
A 
Epi= cytokeratin
Lymphoid= CD20 (B), CD3 (T)
Mes= Vimenten
Myeloid= MPO
Neuroendo= synaptophysin, chromogranin A
55
Q

Trendelenburg gait

A

Ipsilateral foot drop on walking
Contralateral superior gluteal nerve injury (L4-S1)
Nerve is superior medial, therefore always inject superior lateral

56
Q

Sudden traction on extended/pronated elbow in children

A

Nursemaid’s elbow
Annular ligament injury
Radial subluxation

57
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A 
HGPRT defect, excess de novo purine
Hyperuricemia
Gout
Pissed off
Retardation
dysTonia

Tx: allopurinol

58
Q

Which way to dynein and kinesin move?

A

Dynein DIVES towards cell body (deep)

Kinesin moves to axon terminal

HSV/VZV reactivation = kinesin

59
Q

Stop codons

What are they bound to?

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

Releasing factor 1 (not an amino acid)

60
Q

Types of glial cells

A

Astrocytes: repair, structure, BBB, metabolic (GFAP+)
ODGs: myelin
Microglia (BM precursor): phagocytosis

61
Q

Finger tingling and association with chronic hemodialysis

A

Carpal tunnel - often bilateral

Sensory impairment/pain
Thenar atrophy
Tinel/phalen

62
Q

Most common benign liver cancer

A

Cavernous hemangioma

63
Q

Neutrophil chemotaxis agents

A

Leukotriene B4
5-HETE
C5a (not C3a or C4a)
IL-8

64
Q

Sudden, severe headache and/or “worst headache of my life”

What is it and most common mech?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Berry aneurism rupture

65
Q

Ureter anatomy at level of abdomen, pelvic inlet and true pelvis

A

Ureter is posterior to gonadal vessels
Ureter is anterior to internal iliac
Ureter is posterior to uterine artery

66
Q

Serum PTH and calcium findings in osteoporosis

A

NORMAL

67
Q

Best NSAID for PUD

A

COX-2 selective

68
Q

TORCH infections

A 
Toxo
Other: infant meningitis, hydrops (B19), VZV
Rubella
CMV
HIV/HSV-2
69
Q

Alright, it caught up to you: let’s walk through leukocyte accumulation

A

Margination: improved contact
Rolling: L-selectin (neuts) P/E selectin on endothelium
Activation:
Adhesion/crawling: CD18 (Mac-1, LFA-1) to ICAM-1
Transmigration: PECAM-1

70
Q

Accuracy vs precision (along with reliability and validity)

A 
Accuracy = validity = hitting bull's eye
Precision = reliability = consistent
71
Q

B1 coenzyme reactions

A
  1. Pryruvate DH
  2. a-ketoglutarate (CA cycle)
  3. branched chain a-ketoacid DH (branched chain AA)
  4. Transketolase (pentose shunt back to glycolysis)
72
Q 
Fractures and nerve injury:
Surgical neck of humerous
Midshaft humerous
Medial epicondyle
Radial sublux
Carpal tunnel
Guyon canal
A 
Surgical neck of humerous: axillary
Midshaft humerous: radial (wrist drop)
Medial epicondyle: ulnar
Radial sublux: radial (finger drop)
Carpal tunnel: median
Guyon canal: ulnar
73
Q

Integrin function

A

Binds plasma membrane to collagen via fibronectin

74
Q

Proto-onco genes

A 
ABL
BRAF
HER
MYC
KRAS
TGF-a

Always Buy HER Money, Krystal, Tigers
If BRAF is ABL

75
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A 
APC/ßcatenin
BRCA
NF1
TP53
RB
VHL
WT-1

Always Borrow Nature To Remain Very Wealthy

76
Q

Dihydrorhodamine test

A

Tests respiratory burst

Green fluroescence of neuts

77
Q

What the balls is neprilysin

A

MMP that cleaves Natiuretic Peptide

NePrilysin

78
Q

Riboflavin deficency (and enzyme)

A

Angular stomatitis and glosittis

Succinate DH

SUC’s to suck (stomatitis)

79
Q

Red ragged fibers on Gomori Trichrome

A

Mitochondrial disease

Heteroplasmy

80
Q

PCP vs. meth

A

Similar but PCP has nystagmus

81
Q

Mu opioid fast adverse reaction

A

Sphincter of Odi contraction

82
Q

Drugs preferentially eliminated by liver: characteristics

A

High volume of distribution
Lipophilic

Can re-enter blood after being filtered by kidney

83
Q

Catecholamine synthesis

A

Tyrosine->DOPA->Dopamine->NE->Epi
Enzymes: Tyrosine H, Dopa DC, Dopamine ß-H, PNMT

Tired Dopes Don’t Never Eat

PNMT (+) by cortisol (stress)

84
Q

What tumors have psammoma bodies?

A

PSaMMoma bodies:

Papillary cancer of the thyroid (PFMA)
Serous ovarian
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

85
Q

Niacin dependent enzymes in TCA

A

Pyruvate DH
Isocitrate DH
a-ketoglutarate DH
Malate DH

All take NAD+ to NADH (NAD+ depends on B3)

86
Q

Complement deficiencies

A

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency: unregulated activation of kallikrein, increased bradyk, ACEI contraindicated
(A C Esterase Inhibitor problem = ACEI CI)

C3 def: suscep. to type III hypersensitivity

C5-C9 def: suscep. to Neisseria

87
Q

Complement functions

A

C3a, 4a, 5a = anaplylaxis (5a = little chemotaxis)

C3b = opsonization (binds bacteria)

88
Q

Cytokines: IL1-IL8

A

Hot T-bone stEAK - clean up on 8

IL-1: fever, endothelial adhesion expression
IL-2 stimulates T cells
IL-3: stimulates bone marrow
IL-4: IgE production
IL-5: IgA production
IL-6: aKute phase protein
IL-8: neutrophil chemotaxis
IL-10: Tones it down - T-cells
89
Q

Cytokines secreted by macrophages

Cytokines secreted by T cells

A 
Macrophages:
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-12 (stimulates Th1 pathway)
TNF-a
T-cells:
IL-2 (all)
IL-3 (all)
IL-4 (Th2)
IL-5 (Th2)
IL-10 (Th2, Treg)
90
Q

Oxidative burst

A

No SuperMen Per Republican Goals

NADPH oxidase
Superoxide dismutase
Myeloperoxidase
glutathione Peroxidase
glutathione Reductase
G6PD

Phagosome = 1-3
Inside neut = 4-6

91
Q

Sarcoma vs. carcinoma spread

A 
Sarcoma = hematogenous
Carcinoma = lymphatic
Except: Run Home Forest
RCC
HCC
Follicular of the thyroid
92
Q

Pyruvate DH requirements

A

TLC For Nancy

Thiamine (B1)
Lipoic acid (inhibited by arsenic -> vomit, rice water, garlic breath)
CoA (B5)
FAD (B2)
NAD (B3)
93
Q 
Vitamins in pregnancy:
Folic acid
Calcium
Iron
A
B6
A

Folic - neural tube defects, good early
Calcium - indicated with inadequate diet, bones
Iron - mom heme and baby, placenta
B6 - indicated to treat nausea

A - not indicated, teratogenic in 1st tri

94
Q 
Trouble chewing (stops buying gum)
Diplopia with long TV/reading sessions
A

Myasthenia gravis

Associated with thymoma -> usually removed

95
Q

What does red safarin stain?

A

CarTWOledge (type 2 collagen)

96
Q

IRES vs. Kozak sequence

A

Kozak: normal initiates translation in euk with 5’ cap
Shine-del: in bacteria

IRES: initiates translation outside those -> independent of 5’ cap (present in poliovirus)
Apoptotic cells can still translate protein using IRES

97
Q

MHC-II complex

A

a and ß subunit
Invarient chain present upon synthesis (placeholder)
Destroyed and replaced with external protein that is to be presented

98
Q

Prader Willi inheritence

A

Double MOM from 15 (uniparental disomy)
Dad = deleted
Hypotonia, hyperphagia, hypogonad

99
Q

Angelman inheritence

A

Double DAD from 15 (uniparental disomy)
Mom = deleted
Ataxic, seizures, inappropriate laughter/smiling

100
Q

HOXA13 mutation

A

Hand-foot-genital syndrome

STEP 1 (11 decks)

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