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AM2 > Ruminant Mineral and vitamin metabolism > Flashcards

Ruminant Mineral and vitamin metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the other name for pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Twin lamb disease

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2
Q

when does twin lamb disease happen

A

last 4 weeks of gestation

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3
Q

what is the causes of twin lamb disease

A
  • poor rationing during late pregnancy
  • outdoor sheep in poor weather conditions
  • ketosis
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4
Q

what is poor rationing during late pregnancy often related to?

A

Poor ME (metabolic energy) of silage given as feed

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5
Q

What is ketosis

A

when the body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates for the huge energy requirement, negative energy balance so burns fat and makes ketones- loses weight, unable to support oneself.

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6
Q

Signs of Twin lamb disease

A 
Disinclined to move- often seen as stupidity, anorexia, depression, sternal recumbency
ketone bodies
disturbed vision
constipated 
Recumbency and death
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7
Q

Treatment of twin lamb disease

A

(similar to ketosis treatment)

  • dextrose (bolus IV admin, 500ml 50% dextrose
  • propylene glycol and glycerol drench
  • glucocorticoids
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8
Q

Prevention of twin lamb disease

A

ensure good quality nutrition in the last 8 weeks of pregnancy
supplement rations with hay/ silage or concentrate

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9
Q

which animals are predisposed to this disease?

A

If they have a BCS of below 2 or above 4, carrying more than one foetus

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10
Q

What is hypomagnesaemia?

A

Grass staggers/ tetany

magnesium deficiency

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11
Q

What causes grass staggers?

A
  • fresh lush pastures, low in magnesium- we generate lush basil etc for nitrogen uptake, but this may be low in fibre content. This means the rumen passage is faster, and the Mg uptake and other mineral uptake are compromised.
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12
Q

What causes grass staggers (2)?

A
  • Fertiliser (N or K) can reduce the uptake of Mg into pasture- K locks Mg in soil. The plants have lower Mg, therefore disturbance in mg uptake by animals
  • first cut silage can be low in Mg
  • usually during first lactation, there is a high requirement for mg in milk
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13
Q

What are the signs of grass staggers?

A
  • subclinically= <0.8mmol/L in blood of Mg
  • hyper-excitable frothing at the mouth
  • muscle twitching and teeth grinding
  • dead stock at pasture
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14
Q

Treatment of grass staggers.

A

animals should not be stimulated
Mg sulfate can be given subcutaneously
hay treated with 60g of Mg oxide daily

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15
Q

What solution of Mg sulfate should be given subcutaneously?

A

200ml of a 50% solution/cow

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16
Q

Prevention of grass staggers

A
  • General requirements met: 2.5g/kg DM of Mg for lactating cows at pasture
  • Know your swards
  • Herbage must be dusted with powdered Mg oxide (500g/cow) or sprayed with a 2% solution of Mg sulphate
  • mineral licks or slow release boluses on known trouble swards
17
Q

what should the farmer do to ‘know his swards’?

A

soil assessment regarding K and Mg levels- since potassium directly effects the absorption of magnesium
minimum calcined magnesite= 1.25t/Ha

18
Q

What is Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)

A

Also known as Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) Vitamine B1 (thiamine) deficiency

19
Q

cause of CCN (1)

A

Rapid change in plane of nutrition, poor to high quality, which leads to subclinical lactic acidosis and hence an alteration in ruminal microflora
reducing production of B1

20
Q

cause of CCN (2)

A

destruction of B1 within the rumen and gastrointestinal tract
excess Sulfur in diet

21
Q

where can you get thiaminase from?

A

Bracken fern or produced by gut bacteria

22
Q

Signs of CCN

A
  • nervous disease resulting in necrosis of brain tissue

- circle, blindness, convulsions, collapse, leg-kicking and death

23
Q

Treatment of CCN

A

Early Administration of thiamine may cure this, but if the lesions are more advances then the animal is likely to remain partially blind or mentally dull

24
Q

How to prevent CCN

A
  • Diet formulation to ensure no SARA, regulate amount of roughage in diet
  • prophylactic administration of vitamins
  • check bracken fern levels in field
  • check possible fonts of S excess
25
Q

What is sway back?

A

Low blood Copper in the Ewe, meaning underdevelopment of myelin sheath in lamb

26
Q

Causes of swayback

A

Low Ewe Blood Cu

Low Cu uptake or poor absorption due to the formation of copper thiomolybdate (CuMoS4)

27
Q

What is the relationship between Cu, Mo and S

A

Copper absorption decreased when sulphur and molybdenum increase, this also happens with an excess of iron

28
Q

Treatment for swayback

A

There is none.

29
Q

Prevention of swayback

A
  • CoSeCu boluses
  • great care with sheep- supplementation with copper oxide
  • sheep are unique in that they accumulate copper in the liver more readily than other farm animals
  • Aware of Cu toxicity, when in excess
  • Assess Cu, Mo and S levels in Sward and soil
  • higher Mo levels found in legumes
30
Q

What is pine?

A

Nutritional anaemia

31
Q

Causes of Pine

A

-Lack of Co and inability to manufacture VitB12

32
Q

Signs of Pine

A
  • loss of appetite
  • unthrifty
  • dull
  • dry fleece
  • emancipation and death
33
Q

Treatment of pine

A

IM injection of Vit B12

34
Q

Prevention of Pine

A

-CoSeCure boluses

35
Q

White muscle disease- what is it?

A

Nutritional muscular dystrophy

36
Q

What is white muscle disease causes by?

A

Se and vitamin E deficiency
Bioavailability of inorganic Se is poor
S levels

37
Q

signs of white muscle disease

A

-acute and rapid wasting of skeletal muscle despite good appetite
unable to stand, heart muscle damaged, death

38
Q

Treatment of White muscle disease

A

-IM or SC injection with Se and vit E

39
Q

Prevention

A

supplement Dam’s rations during late lactation

injection of all newborn lambs

AM2 (14 decks)

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