Ruminant Lipid Metabolism Flashcards by Gabby Asman

What are the two types of lipid

Glycerol based and non-glycerol based

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two structural types of glycerol-based lipids?

Glycolipids and phospholipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are Glycolipids found?

They are high in grasses and grain and can be present in antigens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are phospholipids found?

In the kidney, liver, heart, plasma membrane and cephalin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is cephalin?

It’s a phospholipid molecule made up of amino acids and fatty acids. It’s found in most cell plasma membranes, particularly in brain tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What category does triacylglycerol come under?

It’s a neutral glycerol-based lipid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 types of non glycerol-based lipids?

Sphingomyelins
Waxes- which are meaningless in nutritional value
Steriods and Sterols
Vitamins
Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How much energy can you get from 1 mole of ATP?

52 kJ, which is 12.4 kcal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many moles of ATP can you get from 1 mole of tripalmitin (lipid)?

409 Moles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is the energy released from a fatty acid?

Beta oxidation in the mitochondria, generating acetylCoA which enters citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a saturated fatty acid?

No C=C double bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a monoenoic fatty acid?

Unsaturated, one C=C double bond, EG nomenclature for cis-9-octadecenoic, commonly known as oleic= C18:1n-9 The double bond is on the 9th carbon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

More than one double bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the nomenclature for polyunsaturated fatty acids.

C18:2n-6 18 carbons, 2 double bonds, first double bond on the 6th carbon
9,12- octadecadienoic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is PUFA?

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give some examples of PUFAs

veg
oil
canola
avocado
nuts
fish fat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give some examples of SFA

Milk
butter
bacon
some fish

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should the PUFA : SFA ratio be? To maintain healthy cell function and membrane fluidity

> 0.45

high consumption of PUFA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Omega-6?

n-6 series of fatty acids, the first double bond found on the 6th carbon.

What is omega-3?

The n-3 series, where the first C=C is found on the 3rd carbon

What is an eicosanoid

Has a diverse role in the body, used in immunity
created after oxidation of fatty acids thats are at least 20 C long, originate from omega 6 family- more anti-inflammatory properties. Omega-6 have pro inflammatory properties
Messengers in the CNS

What is the ideal ratio of omega6 : omega 3?

<4 to balance pro and anti inflammatory

what does NDF stand for?

neutral detergent fiber

this is the quantity of fiber in feed we can use in ruminal nutrition

how much fiber can be taken by the animal

= apparent digestibility

what is the maximum percentage of fat in a ruminants diet?

5-6%

What are the main source of ruminal lipids?

Plant lipids: 75% membrane lipid, 10% triacylglycerol, 10% diacylglycerol, 5% free fatty acid

What are the fatty acid types in beef?

- Polyunsaturated Fatty acids (5%) - linoleic acid - alpha-linolenic acid - eicosapentaenoic acid - docosahexaenioc acid

What is biohydrogenation?

microbes in the rumen taking advantage of lipids, but we want PUFA in our feed sources and so try to avoid this process

where does green odour come from?

fatty oxidation

what prevents lipolysis within a plant cell?

Red Clover Polyphenol

what reduces biohydrogenation?

Plant secondary metabolites, protozoa within the rumen

what does the protozoa in the rumen do to prevent biohydrogenation?

Engulfs organelles, not allowing bacteria in rumen to attack the lipids in the organelles membranes

What is the effect of red clover versus grass on milk PUFA?

Red Clover increases PUFA in milk

What does Red Clover contain?

Polyphenol oxidase

What does polyphenol oxidase do?

- oxidises phenols to quinones in the presence of oxygen - quinones are very reactive - quinones bind to proteins to give protein-quinone complexes

What effect does the binding of quinones to proteins have?

doesn't allow bacteria to attack the complex, preventing biohydrogenation of the fatty acids

where does Milk get/ synthesis fatty acids

- de novo synthesis within the mammary gland | - mammary uptake of complete fatty acids

which fatty acids are synthesised de novo in mammary tissue?

All of C4- C14 and half of C16 | from acetate and 3-OH-butyrate

what fatty acids are taken up complete by the mammary tissue?

half of C16, all of C18 and longer | from diet and adipose tissue if loosing weight

What is milk fat depression?

A decrease in milk fat, lowered by up to 50% | -no change in lactose or protein

What types of feeding cause milk fat depression?

1. highly polyunsaturated lipid in diet | 2. Low roughage/ high concentrates

Where would highly polyunsaturated lipid in diet come from?

- plant oils/cod liver oil | - oil seeds or straight lipids

how would low roughage/high concentrates be fed to animals?

- low frequency feeding | - finely ground roughage

Where would the greatest decline of source of fatty acids be?

From De novo synthesis

what is increased in the milk in milk fat depression?

C18:1 fatty acids

What is SREBP?

Sterol response Element Binding Protein