Ruminant Male Repro Sx Flashcards
Two common problems of prepuce in bulls corrected by surgery ?
Preputial injuries
Avulsion
4 common problems of the bull penis corrected by surgery?
- Persistent Frenulum
- Tumors
- Penile Deviation
- Penile hematoma
Surgeries to create Teaser animals? 1. \_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- Vasectomy/epididectomy
- Penile - prepuce translocation
- preputial pouch
- Corpus cavernosal block
- anchoring sigmoid flexure
- pexy of retractor penis muscles.
3 main arteries of the penis:
Deep artery (through the corpus cavernosum)
Bulb (through corpus spongiosum
Dorsal Artery
Muscular contraction of ____ and _____ enable erection in bulls
Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus
How does the deep artery of the penis affect erections?
It has a closed system of corpus cavernosum with extremely high blood pressure
Methods to extend the bull penis for examination:
1.
2.
3.
- Manually - young bulls only
- Sedation via xylazine or acepromazine
- Pudendal nerve block
Timing of Castration in Bulls:
- Best to perform (young/old)? Why?
- Counter argument?
- Best done early ( 1-3 months of age)
Welfare considerations. Doesn’t normally affect growth if using growth implants. - Better growth if old, some claim “Callicrate” is humane
Instruments that can be used for bull castration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Knife (like horse/newberry knife
- Elastrator - beware discomfort/tetanus
- Callicrate
- Burdizzo
Conditions of the Bull Prepuce:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Ulcer
- Prolapse
- Stenosis (phimosis/paraphimosis)
- Avulsion
Pathogenesis of Preputial Orifice Ulcers in bulls
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Hair clipped too short
- Urine accumulates
- Urease-producing organisms produce ammonia
- Ulceration => secondary infection
Decubital ulcers in Rams:
- Signalment?
- (conservative/surgical) treatment preferred
- overweight, under-exercised, recumbant
2. requires surgical excision
Two types of preputial stenosis / cicatrix:
Phimosis and paraphimosis
Phimosis definition
inability to extend penis
Paraphimosis definition
inability to retract penis
For minor constriction/cicatrix:
Make (longitudinal/transverse) incision, than suture (longitudinally/transversely)
longitudinal
transversely
Preputial Avulsion: aka _____
Penile laceration
Preputial Avulsion:
- Happens in what bulls?
- Artificial insemination bulls only, Specifically after a return from a lay-off period. it is not a natural service injury
Preputial avulsion:
- Best tx option?
- Conservative treatment (is/is not) an option.
- Prompt surgery is best option.
2. Yes, but it takes longer and they’re more likely to have subsequent complications
Conditions of the Bull Penis:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Penile seperation (persistent frenulum)
- Neoplasia
- Inadequate penile protrusion
- Deviations of the penis
- Hematomas = abscess
Clinical significance of persistent frenulum in bulls?
pretty common, not a huge deal. The only issue is has a heritable basis, but even that’s not that big of a deal
Persistent frenulum Tx:
easily corrected surgically
Penile Anesthesia methods:
1.
2.
3.
- Pudendal nerve block
- Dorsal penile nerve block
- Local infiltration
Describe how to give a pudendal nerve block:
Block right at the foramen to get all the branches before they split. With one hand in rectum, put a bleb of local anesthesia under skin. Use long needle, guiding it with rectum hand to the nerve, than block it. Switch hands in rectum and repeat on the other side. 20 min later, nerve will be blocked.
Penile wart aka _____
fibropapillomas
Penile wart etiology/signalment?
viral, common in young animals.
T/F: Vaccines for fibropapillomas have no effect on penile wart appearance
F: They diminish incidence.
Clinical signficiance of penile wart?
cannot mate a bull with one.
Methods of penile wart tx? 1. 2. 3. 4.
1 .sharp dissection
- cryosurgery
- cautery
- twist off (if theyre small)
How can we treat deviated penis in a bull?
Fascia lata implants from the tensor fascia lata
.
Describe how fascia lata implants are used?
When the bull is on its side, make a long incision on thigh parallel to mid-shift, exposing the fascia lata.
Cut out a 6-8 inch piece, than cut it into strips .5cm wide. Close thigh.
Cut through integument of penis.
Take strips and lay them under the skin of the penis outside of the thick tunica albuginea, but under the skin
Place strips longitudinally on area where the penis is bending incorrectly.
This forms a scaffold of fibrous tissue that prevents the penis from bending.
Describe “erection failure”
penis extends normally, but droops ventrally. Have to distinguish it from a classical ventral deviation where it is erect, just deviated.
An anatomic cause of erection failure:
vascular shunts on penis
Penile Hematoma:
Describe surgical treatment.
closing in several layers because if you have any adhesions in the CT, you prevent the penis from extending
Complications of surgical removal of penile hematoma?
Take a couple months to recover, losing the rest of the breeding season
The site at which penile hematoma occurs in bulls is usually ______
Dorsolateral
Most common Internal Genitalia condition in bulls:
Best way to diagnose it?
Vesiculitis
visualize pockets of fluid in vesicular gland on ultrasound
Vesiculitis:
Describe surgical treatment:
On a standing bull, half moon shaped incision into rectal fossa around anus. Through the skin, SQ, deepen via blunt dissection.
Loosen up the gland, take a chain that cuts through tissue while crushing to avoid bleeding.
Close it up
T/F: the prognosis for vesiculitis in one vesicular gland is different from vesiculitis in both glands.
T. Much less likely to have full recover if both are affected.
Cryptorchidism in bulls is (common/rare)?
Location?
very rare.
under the skin
Alternative approach for vasectomy:
- Incise into ____ through…..
- Identify the ____.
- Remove ______
- anterior scrotum, all layers through tunica vaginalis
- Ductus deferens (cut into the cranial end of the scrotum because it’s a dead end where only the ductus deferens will be)
- segment
