OCD

Question 1

Osteochondrosis definition

Answer 1

Process of abnormal bone and cartilage formation.

Question 2

Osteochondritis dissecans definition

Answer 2

Lesions that penetrate the joint surface, creating inflam and effusion

Question 3

Endochondral ossification:

a) (longitudinal/transverse) bone growth.
b) Function?

Answer 3

a) longitudinal

b) subchondral bone support of joint surface

Question 4

Bone Formation:

Chondrocytes form ______ in the _____ zone.

Answer 4

calcified columns

hypertrophic zone

Question 5

Primary spongiosa is formed by……

Answer 5

osteoblast using calcified columns

Question 6

OCD Pathophysiology:

1. Failure of……
2. Leads to……
3. End Result: _______-
4. Consequences:
   a)
   b)
   c)
   d)

Answer 6

1. Failure of blood vessels to penetrate the calcified cartilage
2. Occlusion of canals (vessels)
3. Epiphyseal necrosis
   4: a) Mechanical Shearing
   b) Stress concentration
   c) Blunt trauma
   d) Repeated damage

Question 7

Failure of blood vessels to penetrate calcified cartilage:

1. Leads to persistence of ____ —> _____
2. Leads to formation of cysts –> _____
3. Leads to formation of fissures —> _____

Answer 7

1. cartilage –> chondrocyte clones (small cell clusters)
2. Necrosis of deeper layer cartilage
3. Flap formation

Question 8

2 common age ranges to develop cartilage defects:

1.
2.

Answer 8

1. Birth — 5 months old

2. > 1 year

Question 9

Pathophysiology of cartilage defects at young age:

1. (thin/thick) cartilage?
2. ____-like changes
3. _____ of cartilage
4. _____ cartilage does not undergo _____
5. ____s develop in pathological cartilage

Answer 9

1. thickened
2. cyst-like
3. degeneration
4. uncalcified cartilage does not undergo vascularization
5. cracks

Question 10

Pathophysiology of cartilage defects at adult age ( > 1 year)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 10

1. Subchondral fibrosis
2. fibrocartilage covers the defect
3. sclerosis of subchondral bone
4. osteophyte formation

Question 11

All of the cartilage defects of adult age animals (subchondral fibrosis, fibrocartilage, sclerosis, osteophte formation) contribute to what disease?

Answer 11

Degenerative Osteoarthritis

Question 12

Broad Etiologies of OA

1.
2.
3.

Answer 12

1. genetics
2. nutrition
3. trauma

Question 13

Genetic etiology of OA

1. A _____ trait.
2. In animals with ____ growth potential
3. Male:Female?

Answer 13

1. Heritable
2. Inherent rapid growth potential
3. 2:1

Question 14

Nutrition etiology of OA

1. decreased ___ : increased ___ in diet
2. Trace minerals: Excess ____ or deficient in ___
3. Vitamins?
4. Protein?
5. Calories?

Answer 14

1. Calcium: Phosphorus
2. zinc, copper
3. Vit A and D Deficiency
4. High protein diet
5. High caloric intake

Question 15

Clinical Signs of OA:

1. Onset?
2. Lameness: (slight/moderate/severe)
3. Decreased range of motion is (slight/moderate/severe)
4. Pain on manipulation is (slight/moderate/severe)
5. ____ effusion.
6. (unilateral/bilateral)

Answer 15

1. insidious to accute
2. slight
3. slight
4. slight
5. synovial
6. often bilateral (contalateral silent)

Question 16

Way to Diagnosis OA:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 16

1. Radiology
2. Szintigraphy (scintography?)
3. Arthroscopy
4. MRI

Question 17

Sites of Equine OA: 
1
2
3
4
5

Answer 17

1. Tibiotarsal joint (hock)
2. Stifle
3. Fetlock
4. Cervical vertebrae
5. Shoulder

Question 18

Possible areas of OA in the equine tibiotarsal joint

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 18

1. Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia
2. Lateral trochlear ridge
3. Medial trochlear ridge
4. Medial malleolus
5. Lateral malleolus

Question 19

Sites of OA in the equine stifle

1.
2.
3.

Answer 19

1. Lateral trochlear ridge
2. Medial trochlear ridge
3. Medial femoral condyle (cysts)

Question 20

Sites of OA in the equine fetlock joint:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 20

1. Sagittal ridge of MC III
2. Caudal (palmar/plantar) eminence of P1
3. P1 or MC III cyst

Question 21

Broad Treatment of OA:

1.
2.
3. ________: a) b)

Answer 21

1. Rest
2. Intra-articular meds
3. Surgery: a) Arthrotomy b) Arthroscopy

Question 22

Broad types of Medications given IA to treat OA:

1.
2.

Answer 22

1. Joint supplements

2. Chondroprotective agents

Question 23

Goals of Joint Therapy:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer 23

1. Decrease joint inflam
2. Decrease cartilage degradation
3. Decrease pain
4. Maintain/improve athletic performance
5. Promote longevity
6. Improve quality of life

Question 24

Chondroprotective agents given to treat OA:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5
.

Answer 24

1. Glucosamine
2. Chondroitin sulfate
3. HA
4. PSGAGs
5. Anti-inflam drugs like NSAIDs or glucocorticoids

Question 25

Two ways to give corticosteroids for treatment of OA:

1.
2.

Answer 25

1. Systemic

2. IA

Question 26

Advanced surgical options for treatment of OA:

1. _________ via :a )
   b)
   c)

Answer 26

1. Cartilage resurfacing
   a) osteochondral dowel grafts
   b) autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT)
   c) gene therapy