Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMVPH > ruminant herd health > Flashcards

ruminant herd health Flashcards

1
Q

What is monitoring?

A

a continuous effort to collect data to detect changes or trends int he occurence in order to inform descisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is surveillance?

A

a special case of monitoring where data is used to assess a a status in response to a pre-define threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 8 steps in surveillance?

A

1) objectives
2) hazard selection
3) case definition, diagnostic methods
4) target pop’n
5) timing, sapling interval
6) data management, analysis
7) methods for data analysis
8) feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is incidence calculated?

A

incidence (rate) = no of new cases / pop’n at risk x time at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is prevalence calculated?

A

prevalence (proportion) = no of exsisting cases / pop’n at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is bias?

A

a systematic error due to the design, implementation or the analysis of the surveillance program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a zoonoses?

A

disease which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a carrier?

A

pathogens isolated from animal/human without causing clinical signs of diesease in the host ( 1sample)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a colonised host?

A

no clinical signs on the host but implies that microbes are multiplying on the host .. need longitudinal sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a reservoir?

A

the spread of an organism within the reservoir host to maintain the pathogen indefinitely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are our responsibilities to zoonoses?

A

1) early suspicion and correct diagnosis
2) client communication
3) prevent spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how in food animals is the risk assessment for zoonoses carried out?

A

risk assessment = probability of inf ( prevalance of hazard and transmission pathway) + consequence of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a hazard?

A

an agent, substance or action that has the potential to cause an undesired event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a risk?

A

the probability of an undesired event and the consequences of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is risk management?

A

interrupting, preventing or eliminating transmission pathways identified in the assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 mains strategies for risk management

A

1) risk transfer (insure)
2) risk avoidance (dont perform hazardous activities)
3) risk mitigation / reduction (agree target)
4) risk acceptance ( do nothing if below target)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why do we carry out surveillance?

A

1) effetiveness of statutory disease control
2) protect public health
3) understand and measure the impact of animal disease on climate change
4) detection of new / re-emerging disease, infection and toxicity
5) providing assurance of freedom from specified disease
6) detection of incursion of an exotic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

7 steps in a herd / flock investigation

A

1) define the problem
2) history taking
3) a - environment exam
b - distance flock exam
4) a - individual animal exam (full vs basic - mucus membranes, weight, BCS)
b - post mortem exam
5) further diagnostic test
6) data analysis and decision making
7) reporting back and future monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

problem with poor thrift in young animals?

A

longer to reach slaughter weight so more expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

target calf / lamb growth rates

A 
calf = 1-3 kg / day
lamb = 100-300 g/ day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

problem with adults being thin at mating

A

longer anoestrus
lower conception rates
less ovulation rate (fewer twins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

problem with adults being thin in early pregnancy

A

less placental development

23
Q

problem with adults being thin in late pregnancy

A

increased risk of metabolic disease

24
Q

problem with adults being thin during lactation

A

less milk yield

25
Q

Main questions to ask when examining poor thrift

A

whole herd?
appetite normal?
YES - good nutrition? - yes (maldigestion / malabsorption) - no (under fed / trace element deficiencies)
NO - wont eat (parasites ) / cant eat ( dental /lame)

26
Q

What is the role of cobalt?

A

rumen microbes incoporate it into vit B12 which is part of the co-enzyme needed to convert propionate into the glucose pathway

27
Q

what are the signs seen with cobalt deficiency? and what species esp?

A 
weaned lambs
poor thrift
concurrent parasitism / under fed
eye discharge
anaemia
28
Q

what is the role of selenium / vit E?

A

protects cells from free radicals and maintains resistance to infection

29
Q

what are the signs of selenium / vit E deficiency? what species?

A 
any species
white muscle disease (congenital or delayed)
embryonic death
increase disease susceptibility
reduced milk yield
30
Q

What is copper used for?

A

essential part of myelin formation,
iron release into plasma during erythropoiesis,
elastin and collagen synthesis,
pigementation

31
Q

what are the signs of copper deficiency? what species esp?

A

growing cattle

poor thrift , diarrhoes, poor coat colour, swayback, bone fragility

32
Q

what is seen with iodine deficiencies?

A

goitre

lack of thyroid hormone

33
Q

how to you test for copper?

A

7-10 liver biopsies

34
Q

how do you test for cobalt

A

7-10 blood / liver

35
Q

how do you test for selenium?

A

3-6 bloods

36
Q

how do you implement a treatment for trace element deficiencies?

A

give it to half the herd first had measure growth rates to see if economically viable

37
Q

how is gross margin calculated?

A

gross margin = output - variable costs

38
Q

how is change assessed economically?

A

partial budget analysis = (new cost + revenue foregone) - ( cost saved - new revenue)

39
Q

What are the groups of causes of sudden death?

A

infectious ( septicaemia, toxaemia, anaemia)
toxicity (plants , minerals, lead, cyanide)
climatic (lightening , hypothermia)
trauma (foreign body etc)
nutritional (eat weird things)
metabolic ( hypo Mg , hypo Ca)

40
Q

how is sudden death defined?

A

death within 24hrs of last observation

41
Q

what are the major parasites in the abomasum?

A

teladorsagia
haemonchus

nematodes

42
Q

what are the major parasites in the S.int?

A

trichostrongylus
nematodirus

nematodes

43
Q

what are the major parasites in the liver?

A

fasciola hepatica

trematode

44
Q

what is the nematode life cycle?

A

sheep – eggs on grass – hatch – eaten

ppp=3 w

45
Q

what are the clinical signs of nematode infection?

A 
diarrhoea 
weight loss
death
anaemia
reduced appetite -- change GIT structure -- infl -- protein loss
46
Q

trematode life cycle?

A

eggs in faeces – miricidium – mud snail – vegetation – eaten – liver – mature
ppp = 8-10 w

47
Q

what are the exceptions to immunity to parasites?

A

goats
immuno - compromised animals
ewes PPR
liver fluke

48
Q

what is the main parasite threat in spring?

A

lambs - N.battus
calves - ostertagiosis
FEC not much use

49
Q

what is the main parasite threat in summer?

A

calves - nematodes (teladorsagia, haemonchus)
lambs / goats - telodorsagia
FEC valuable

50
Q

what is the main parasite threat in autumn?

A

calves - nematodes (trichostrongylus)
lambs / goats - trichostrongylus
acute liver fluke

51
Q

what is the main parasite threat in winter?

A

chronic liver fluke

52
Q

what are the groups of broad spectrum anthelmintics?

A 
yellow - levamisoles
white - benzimadozole
clear - macrcyclic lactones
orange - amino - acetonitrile derivatives
purple - spiroinodoles
53
Q

5 flukicides

A 
triclabendazole (kills everything over 1 wo, rest do 8 wo)
oxyclozanide
nitroxynil
closantel
albendazole
54
Q

what would you give new animals on the farm?

A
  • orange / purple incase they have any resistance

- triclabendazole and one other flukicide

PMVPH (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions