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Anesthesiology > Ruminant and Camelid > Flashcards

Ruminant and Camelid Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 techniques can be used for simple diagnostics and some surgical procedures?

A
  • Restrain ruminants

- Local anesthesia

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2
Q

More complex procedures will require what?

A

General anesthesia

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3
Q

The same equipment and some of the drugs are used as in what other species?

A

Equine

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4
Q

What are 7 examples of standing procedures?

A
  • Castration
  • Displaced abomasum
  • C-section
  • Wound repair
  • Teat surgery
  • Enucleation
  • Dehorning
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5
Q

What can be limited if the patient is uncooperative?

A

Physical exam

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6
Q

What minimum blood work should be done?

What should be included with a neonate?

A
  • PCV/TS

- Glucose

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7
Q

What may be needed before placing IV catheter?

A

Sedation

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8
Q

What should be gathered ahead of time?

A

Any special equipment, personnel.

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9
Q

What might be needed for ruminants to help prevent myopathy or neuropathy?

A

Padding

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10
Q

How much saliva does an average adult produce per day?

A

50 L/day

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11
Q

What are 4 possible complications seen with ruminants?

A
  • Hypersalivation
  • Bloat
  • Hypoventilation
  • Regurgitation: aspiration pneumonia
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12
Q

What can lead to decreased venous return and hypoventilation?

A

Bloat

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13
Q

What type of recumbency will worsen the ability to ventilate?

A

Dorsal recumbency

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14
Q

Do you inflate the cuff before or after induction?

A

After induction

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15
Q

The head should be positioned to promote what?

A

Drainage during anesthesia

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16
Q

How should the head be positioned during sedation and recovery?

A

Head elevated with nose pointed down.

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17
Q

What are 2 things that should always be taken into account?

A
  • Safety of animal

- Personnel working around nearby

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18
Q

You should have enough what available to situate patient on surgery table?

A

Experienced personnel

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19
Q

What is the recommended fasting time in adult large ruminants?
Water?

A
  • 12-18 hours

- 8-12 hours

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20
Q

What is the recommended fasting time for sheep and goats?

water?

A
  • 12-18 hours

- 4 hours

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21
Q

What is the recommended fasting time for calves, lambs and kids?

A

Generally not required if 1 month.

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22
Q

The GI tract of ruminants functions as a simple stomach under what age?

A

Less than 3 months of age.

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23
Q

What helps reserve functional residual capacity since ruminants have a decreased tidal volume compared to horses?

A

Fasting

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24
Q

What can fasting produce in cattle?

A

Bradycardia

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25
Q

What can be caused by fasting?

A

Mild metabolic alkalosis

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26
Q

Even with precautions, what percentage of adult cattle may still regurgitate under anesthesia?

A

25%

27
Q

Where is the IV catheter usually place?

A

Jugular vein accessed most easily during surgery.

28
Q

Do ruminants have thin skin or tough skin?

A

Tough skin

29
Q

What gauge catheter is used in adult cattle?

In sheep, goats, calves?

A
  • 12-14 gauge

- 16-18 gauge

30
Q

Do you always need to give a premedication to ruminants?

A

No

31
Q

Remember to keep the head and neck elevated and patient sternal recumbency after what is given?

A

Premedication

32
Q

Is Acepromazine approved for use in food animals? by the FDA?

A

No

33
Q

Why might acepromazine be avoided?

A

Prolonged effects & elimination time

34
Q

Acepromazine might increase the risk of what?

A

Regurgitation

35
Q

What dose range of acepromazine can be used?

A

0.03-0.05 mg/kg IV (can use up to 0.1 mg/kg IM)

36
Q

What vein should acepromazine not be injected into?

Why?

A
  • Coccygeal vein

- May hit artery and slough off tail

37
Q

Acepromazine is contraindicated in what 2 types of patients?

A
  • Hypovolemic

- Debilitated patients

38
Q

Is xylazine approved for use in food animals by the FDA?

A

No

39
Q

Is xylazine more potent in ruminants or horses?

A

Ruminants

40
Q

Which species of ruminant is most sensitive to xylazine?

A

Goats

41
Q

What are 2 breeds of cattle that are more sensitive to xylzine compared to other breeds?

A
  • Herefords

- Brahmans

42
Q

What can cause a prolonged response to xylazine in cattle?

A

Stressful environment

43
Q

Which drug can cause bradycardia, rumen atony and bloat, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, hypoxemia, hypercarbia and increased urine production?

A

Xylazine

44
Q

Which species is at risk for developing pulmonary hemorrhage and edema with xylazine?

A

Sheep

45
Q

What category of drugs is not recommended for use in sheep due to the risk of hypoxemia?

A

Alpha 2 agonists

46
Q

What drug can cause premature delivery during late pregnancy due to its oxytocin-like effect on the uterus of pregnant cattle and sheep?
Which drug does not seem to have this effect?

A
  • Xylazine

- Detomidine

47
Q

What dose range of xylazine provides sedation without recumbency in ruminants?

A

0.015-0.025 mg/kg IV or IM

48
Q

What dose of xylazine is used to induce recumbency in goats?

In cattle?

A
  • Goats: 0.05 mg/kg IV or 0.1 mg/kg IM

- Cattle: 0.1 mg/kg IV or 0.2 mg/kg IM

49
Q

What are 4 factors that need to be considered when approaching a case?

A
  • Production vs. pet
  • Cost
  • Field anesthesia vs in-hospital anesthesia
  • Standing surgery vs general anesthesia
50
Q

What are 4 reversals for Alpha 2 agonists?

A
  • Atipamezole
  • Yohimbine
  • Tolazoline
  • Doxapram (somewhat effective)
51
Q

What category of drug is not typically used in ruminants?

Why?

A
  • Anticholinergics

- Salivary secretions become more viscous, decreases GI motility which can lead to bloat.

52
Q

Which drug category has no analgesic effects and minimal sedation in ruminants?

A

Benzodiazepines

53
Q

What are benzodiazepines typically combined with for induction?

A

Ketamine

54
Q

What are 2 examples of benzodiazepines used in ruminants?

A
  • Midazolam

- Diazepam

55
Q

What are 2 things opioids might cause in ruminants?

A
  • Excitement

- Vocalization

56
Q

What are 2 opioids not typically used in cattle?

A
  • Morphine

- Buprenorphine

57
Q

What are 2 opioids that can be used in ruminants?

A
  • Hydromorphone

- Butorphanol

58
Q

What are 3 examples of induction drugs that can be used in ruminants?

A
  • Telazol
  • Ketamine
  • Propofol
59
Q

What is another category of drug ketamine can be combined with?

A

Benzodiazepine

60
Q

What is ketamine combined with to make “double dip”?

What percentage is used?

A
  • GG

- 5%: hemolysis can occur with solutions >7%

61
Q

Which induction drug has smooth induction and recovery with ruminants?

A

Propofol

62
Q

Apnea may occur with rapid administration of which induction drug?

A

Propofol

63
Q

Propofol can be used as what for a light plane of anesthesia?

A

CRI

64
Q

What can propofol be combined with in small ruminants?

A

Ketamine

Anesthesiology (19 decks)

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