Rumen Disorders Flashcards
What are the main categories of rumen disorders? (6)
- Closure of the esophageal groove
- Rumen bloat
- Rumen atony
- Rumen acidosis
- Urea Poisoning
- Bovine Ketosis
How does milk stimulate the esophageal groove?
It causes chemical stimulation of receptors in the buccal cavity, pharynx and cranial esophagus.
What are two drugs that induce the closure of the esophageal groove?
Copper sulfate (5% for calves and 2% for lambs)
Sodium bicarbonate (10%)
Why do you use 2% copper sulfate in lambs?
Sheep and lambs are sensitive to copper.
After using sodium bicarbonate, how long does the esophageal closure last?
1 - 2 minutes
What do you want to happen in cases of rumen bloat?
You want to reduce surface tension causing release of gas from rumen fluid.
What is frothy bloat?
Gas bubbles in the rumen fluid.
What is non-frothy bloat?
Gas and fluid are separate in the rumen.
What is the drug of choice to treat rumen bloat?
Poloxalene
What are four treatments for rumen bloat?
- Poloxalene (DOC)
- Docusate sodium
- Vegetable Oil
- Mineral Oil.
What are three categories of treatment for rumen atony?
- Cholinergics
- Bitters
- Magnesium hydroxide
What are two cholinergics that treat rumen atony?
Bethanechol (PO) and Neostigmine (SQ)
- Indirect Acting Parasympathomimetic -
Bethanechol treats urinary detention by acting on the detrusor muscle. Along with Neostigmine, it also initiates peristalsis.
What are bitters and what do they do?
Bitters are used to treat rumen atony by stimulating salivation.
Some bitters include:
Ginger, capsicum, and methyl salicylate
What is another name for Magnesium Hydroxide?
Milk of Magnesia
What effect does Magnesium Hydroxide have in cases of rumen atony?
It is an antacid, a laxative and an adsorbent.
What are some oral antacids to treat rumen acidosis?
Magnesium oxide and rumenotomy
Which drug do you use to treat systemic acidosis?
Sodium bicarbonate (IV)
What do you use to fix dehydration in an animal with rumen acidosis?
Fluid therapy
When an animal goes into shock while exhibiting rumen acidoses, what drug can you use to reverse the shock?
Dexamethasone (Glucocorticoid)
What do oral antibiotics do in cases of rumen acidosis?
They inhibit lactic acid production
What can you use to treat laminitis in cases of rumen acidosis?
Antihistamines
What helps to promote lactic acid metabolism?
Thiamine or Brewer’s Yeast
What can be used to stimulate rumen motility?
Rumenatorics
What is the treatment for urea poisoning?
Acetic acid or vinegar (5%) followed by a large amount of cold water (4-5x daily.)
MOA takes place in the GI, NOT the blood.
What is bovine ketosis?
An imbalance between feed intake and energy demand for milk production.
What is the pathogenesis of bovine ketosis?
Metabolization of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) from adipose tissue.
What causes esterificaton of NEFA and fatty liver?
Glucose
What does glucose availability depend on with bovine ketosis?
It depends on the rate of gluconeogenesis and the availability go gluconeogenic substrates.
Regarding bovine ketosis, what does glucose unavailability cause?
Conversion of NEFAs to ketones (acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate)
What is the clin path associated with bovine ketosis?
Hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, ketonuria and high NEFAs
What is the treatment for bovine ketosis?
- Glucose 50% as an IV bolus (inhibits NEFA release and hepatic ketogenesis); you can use fructose or sorbitol in place of glucose.
- Parenteral glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and isoflupredone).
- Glucose precursors given orally (propylene glycol, ammonium lactate, and sodium proprionate.)
T/F: Vinegar and cold water are used to treat urea poisoning because they decrease the pH of the blood.
False
