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Pharmacology II Exam II > Rumen Disorders > Flashcards

Rumen Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main categories of rumen disorders? (6)

A
  1. Closure of the esophageal groove
  2. Rumen bloat
  3. Rumen atony
  4. Rumen acidosis
  5. Urea Poisoning
  6. Bovine Ketosis
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2
Q

How does milk stimulate the esophageal groove?

A

It causes chemical stimulation of receptors in the buccal cavity, pharynx and cranial esophagus.

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3
Q

What are two drugs that induce the closure of the esophageal groove?

A

Copper sulfate (5% for calves and 2% for lambs)

Sodium bicarbonate (10%)

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4
Q

Why do you use 2% copper sulfate in lambs?

A

Sheep and lambs are sensitive to copper.

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5
Q

After using sodium bicarbonate, how long does the esophageal closure last?

A

1 - 2 minutes

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6
Q

What do you want to happen in cases of rumen bloat?

A

You want to reduce surface tension causing release of gas from rumen fluid.

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7
Q

What is frothy bloat?

A

Gas bubbles in the rumen fluid.

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8
Q

What is non-frothy bloat?

A

Gas and fluid are separate in the rumen.

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9
Q

What is the drug of choice to treat rumen bloat?

A

Poloxalene

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10
Q

What are four treatments for rumen bloat?

A
  1. Poloxalene (DOC)
  2. Docusate sodium
  3. Vegetable Oil
  4. Mineral Oil.
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11
Q

What are three categories of treatment for rumen atony?

A
  1. Cholinergics
  2. Bitters
  3. Magnesium hydroxide
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12
Q

What are two cholinergics that treat rumen atony?

A

Bethanechol (PO) and Neostigmine (SQ)
- Indirect Acting Parasympathomimetic -

Bethanechol treats urinary detention by acting on the detrusor muscle. Along with Neostigmine, it also initiates peristalsis.

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13
Q

What are bitters and what do they do?

A

Bitters are used to treat rumen atony by stimulating salivation.

Some bitters include:
Ginger, capsicum, and methyl salicylate

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14
Q

What is another name for Magnesium Hydroxide?

A

Milk of Magnesia

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15
Q

What effect does Magnesium Hydroxide have in cases of rumen atony?

A

It is an antacid, a laxative and an adsorbent.

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16
Q

What are some oral antacids to treat rumen acidosis?

A

Magnesium oxide and rumenotomy

17
Q

Which drug do you use to treat systemic acidosis?

A

Sodium bicarbonate (IV)

18
Q

What do you use to fix dehydration in an animal with rumen acidosis?

A

Fluid therapy

19
Q

When an animal goes into shock while exhibiting rumen acidoses, what drug can you use to reverse the shock?

A

Dexamethasone (Glucocorticoid)

20
Q

What do oral antibiotics do in cases of rumen acidosis?

A

They inhibit lactic acid production

21
Q

What can you use to treat laminitis in cases of rumen acidosis?

A

Antihistamines

22
Q

What helps to promote lactic acid metabolism?

A

Thiamine or Brewer’s Yeast

23
Q

What can be used to stimulate rumen motility?

A

Rumenatorics

24
Q

What is the treatment for urea poisoning?

A

Acetic acid or vinegar (5%) followed by a large amount of cold water (4-5x daily.)

MOA takes place in the GI, NOT the blood.

25
Q

What is bovine ketosis?

A

An imbalance between feed intake and energy demand for milk production.

26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bovine ketosis?

A

Metabolization of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) from adipose tissue.

27
Q

What causes esterificaton of NEFA and fatty liver?

A

Glucose

28
Q

What does glucose availability depend on with bovine ketosis?

A

It depends on the rate of gluconeogenesis and the availability go gluconeogenic substrates.

29
Q

Regarding bovine ketosis, what does glucose unavailability cause?

A

Conversion of NEFAs to ketones (acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate)

30
Q

What is the clin path associated with bovine ketosis?

A

Hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, ketonuria and high NEFAs

31
Q

What is the treatment for bovine ketosis?

A
  • Glucose 50% as an IV bolus (inhibits NEFA release and hepatic ketogenesis); you can use fructose or sorbitol in place of glucose.
  • Parenteral glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and isoflupredone).
  • Glucose precursors given orally (propylene glycol, ammonium lactate, and sodium proprionate.)
32
Q

T/F: Vinegar and cold water are used to treat urea poisoning because they decrease the pH of the blood.

A

False

Pharmacology II Exam II (5 decks)

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