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Pharmacology II Exam II > Hormones Affecting Reproduction > Flashcards

Hormones Affecting Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is pseudopregnancy?

A

The animal exhibits symptoms of pregnancy when it is not actually pregnant.

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2
Q

Pseudopregnancy is common in what species?

A

Dogs (bitches)

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3
Q

How does a bitch have a pseudopregnancy?

A

Pseudopregnancy is associated with elevated plasma prolactin (so can be due to withdrawal of progestin therapy because this can stimulate prolactin.)

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4
Q

When should you never perform an ovariohysterectomy?

A

You should never perform this procedure when the animal shows clinical signs of pseudopregnancy.

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5
Q

What drugs can you use to treat pseudopregnancy?

A

Testosterone, estrogen, dopamine agonists, furosemide and sedatives that are not dopamine antagonists (ex: Benzodiazepines)

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6
Q

Who regulates hormones in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

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8
Q

Where are FSH and LH released from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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9
Q

What are two clinical uses for GnRH in large animals?

A

Treats follicular cysts in cattle as well as boosts luteal formation.

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10
Q

What drug is approved in horses to induce ovulation in the mare?

A

Deslorelin acetate (Ovuplant)

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11
Q

What are three clinical uses for GnRH in small animals?

A
  1. Treats follicular cysts in bitches
  2. Increase libido in male dogs and cats
  3. Diagnose LH and testosterone deficiency
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12
Q

hCG (LH)

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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13
Q

What does hCH (LH) do?

A
  1. Treats follicular cysts in cattle and bitches.
  2. Induces ovulation in the queen and the mare.
  3. Stimulates testosterone secretion as diagnosis for presence of a testicle in a cryptorchid dog.
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14
Q

What are some clinical uses for FSH or eCG (PMSG)?

A
  1. Stimulates follicular growth in an estrous animals
  2. FSH/hCG combination used to induce estrus in prepuberal gilts
  3. FSH/eCG can be combined with PGF2a to induce super ovulation in cattle.
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15
Q

What are three types of androgens?

A
  1. Testosterone esters
  2. Trenbolone
  3. Mibolerone
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16
Q

What drug do you use to produce a ‘teaser’ cow?

A

Testosterone

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17
Q

What can you add to feed to increase growth production in feedlot heifers and steers?

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

What drug can be used to treat alopecia in castrated dogs?

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

What drug(s) can be used to suppress estrus in the bitch?

A

Mibolerone or testosterone

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20
Q

What drug(s) can alleviate pseudopregnancy in the bitch?

A

Mibolerone or testosterone

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21
Q

What are two anabolic steroids?

A

Stanozolol and Boldenone

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22
Q

What species is stanozolol approved in?

A

Dogs, cats and horses

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23
Q

What species is boldenone approved in?

A

Horses

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24
Q

What are some clinical uses for anabolic steroids?

A
  1. Improve athletic performance in horses
  2. Cachexia and debilitating diseases
  3. Tissue repair
  4. Adjunctive therapy for anemia in small animals
  5. Appetite stimulant
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25
Q

What are some adverse effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  1. Infertility
  2. Masculinization
  3. Clitoral enlargement in small animals
  4. Aggression
  5. Sodium and water retention
  6. Hepatotoxicity
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26
Q

What are three types of estrogens?

A
  1. Estradiol esters (cypionate, proprionate, benzoate, valerate)
  2. DES (synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen)
  3. Zeranol (mycotoxin)
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27
Q

Which drugs can be used as growth promoters in cattle?

A

Estradiol mixes with progesterone

Zeranol

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28
Q

Which drug can be used as a growth promoter in sheep?

A

Zeranol

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29
Q

Which drug can be mixes with progestin to synchronize estrus cycles in cattle?

A

Estradiol valerate

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30
Q

What drug is not recommended to use on dogs and cats that mismate?

A

Estradiol

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31
Q

What are some some clinical signs that can be treated with estradiol?

A

Urinary incontinence, dermatitis and vaginitis in the bitch and queen.

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32
Q

In which species does estrogen induce estrus without inducing ovulation?

A

Dogs

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33
Q

What is the treatment for prostate hypertrophy tumors and anal adenomas?

A

Estrogen

34
Q

What are some adverse effects of estrogen? (6)

A
  1. Ovarian suppression followed by follicular cysts
  2. Vaginal or uterine prolapse or abortion
  3. Aplastic anemia and leukopenia (bone marrow suppression) in small animals
  4. Bone fractures
  5. Feminization in the male
  6. Pyometra is used in mismating in small animals
35
Q

What is a progesterone CIDR?

A

A slow drug release hormone that is inserted in the vagina of the animal.

36
Q

What progestins are approved in cattle?

A
  1. Norgestomet implants and norgestomet-estradiol valerate
  2. Melengestrol acetate
  3. Progesterone CIDR
37
Q

Altrenogest is a progestin that is approved in which species?

A

Horses

38
Q

Megestrol acestate is a progestin that is used in _____?

A

Bitches

39
Q

What progestin is approved for cats?

A

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate

40
Q

In large animals, what three drugs can be used to suppress estrus and synchronize estrus cycles?

A
  1. Progesterone CIDR in cattle
  2. Altrenogest in mares
  3. Norgetomet implants in beef cattle and non-lactating heifers
41
Q

What two progestins impact growth promotion in cattle?

A

Progesterone-estradiol benzoate and melengestrol

42
Q

What does altrenogest do in horses?

A

It induces premature labor

43
Q

What does megestrol acetate do in small animals?

A

It acts as a contraceptive and it suppresses estrus.

44
Q

What two drugs help with behavior problems and inappropriate urination in male cats?

A

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate and Medroxyprogesterone acetate.

45
Q

What are three adverse effects of progestins?

A
  1. Pyometra!
  2. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
    (most serious reproductive problem in dogs.)
  3. May delay or prevent parturition and produce masculinization of female fetuses.
46
Q

What are some drugs that utilize PGF2a?

A
  1. Dinoprost tromethamine (cattle, mare and sow)
  2. Cloprotenol (cattle)
  3. Fenprostalen (cattle)
  4. Fluprotenol (mare)
47
Q

What is the MOA of PGF2a?

A

Activation of protein kinase C and inhibits steroid synthesis. Increased intracellular free calcium mediates cell death and regression of the corpus luteum.

48
Q

What are three effects of PGF2a on the body?

A
  1. Decrease in serum progesterone (mainly due to luteolysis)
  2. Stimulates uterine contraction secondary to luteolysis
  3. Uterus plays no role in luteal regression in the bitch.
49
Q

What are two clinical uses of PGF2a in the bitch and queen?

A
  1. Treatment of uterine infections in the bitch and queen.

2. Mismating in the bitch.

50
Q

What are some clinical uses for PGF2a in large animals? (6)

A
  1. Abortion in cattle
  2. Induction of parturition in swine and cattle
  3. Expulsion of mummified fetuses
  4. Treatment of pyometra (with antibiotics)
  5. Synchronization of estrus in cattle and controlling time of estrus in mares
  6. Treatment of silent estrus and pyometra in cattle.
51
Q

Which is the safest reproductive hormone to give an animal?

A

PGF2a

52
Q

If you give _____ to an animal before administering PGF2a, it will help to reduce the side effects.

A

Atropine

53
Q

What are some side effects that are seen in small animals who have been given PGF2a?

A

Salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, anxiety, pyrexia, hyperpnea and ataxia.

54
Q

Horses experience what side effects when they are given PGF2a?

A

Sweating and colic

55
Q

What are the six main uterine stimulants?

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Oxytocin
  3. PGF2a
  4. Glucocorticoids
  5. Ergonovine
  6. Prolactin inhibitors
56
Q

What are some clinical uses of uterine stimulants? (3)

A
  1. Antinidatory (prevents implantation of fertilized egg.)
  2. Abortifacient
  3. Ecbolic (induces labor)
57
Q

What is the DOC for induction of parturition in mares and small animals?

A

Oxytocin

58
Q

What is the DOC for induction of parturition in cattle?

A

PGF2a

59
Q

What are some clinical effects of oxytocin? (5)

A
  1. Induction of parturition
  2. Induction of milk let-down
  3. Expulsion of the placenta
  4. Expulsion of eggs in birds and reptiles
  5. Decrease postpartum bleeding
60
Q

Which two drugs act as prolactin inhibitors?

A

Bromocriptine and Cabergoline

61
Q

What is the MOA for prolactin inhibitors?

A

Act as dopamine agonists and inhibit prolactin, causing luteolysis.

62
Q

_____ is luteotropic during the second half of diestrus and the second half of pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Prolactin

63
Q

What are two clinical uses of prolactin inhibitors?

A
  1. Mismating in the bitch and queen (inhibition of prolactin results in decreased progesterone –> abortion.)
  2. Pseudopregnancy in the bitch and queen
64
Q

Which prolactin inhibition drug is more effective and has fewer side effects?

  1. Cabergoline
  2. Bromocriptine
A

Cabergoline

65
Q

What are some adverse effects with the use of prolactin inhibitors?

A

Vomiting, anorexia, depression and behavioral changes.

66
Q

What is a tocolytic?

A

A drug that inhibits uterine contraction (inhibits oxytocin-indiced myometrial contractions)

67
Q

What are some tocolytic drugs?

A
  1. B2 agonists (terbutaline and ritodrine)
  2. Magnesium sulfate
  3. Inhalation anesthetics
68
Q

What are some examples of dopamine antagonist drugs?

A
  1. Phenothiazines
  2. Metoclopramide
  3. Domperidone
69
Q

What does dopamine inhibit?

A

Dopamine inhibits prolactin so dopamine antagonists will stimulate prolactin production.

70
Q

What do you use to treat agalactia?

A

Dopamine Antagonists

71
Q

What is agalactia?

A

The inability to produce milk

72
Q

What are some drugs that treat benign prostate hypertrophy in dogs?

A
  1. Castration prevents this condition from happening in general.
  2. Megesterol acetate
  3. Finasteride
  4. GnRH antagonists
  5. Large doses of GnRH agonists
73
Q

What is the DOC for treating benign prostate hypertrophy in dogs? What is its MOA?

A 
DOC = Finasteride
MOA = Inhibits the enzyme 5a-reductase in the prostate which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostate hypertrophy.)
74
Q

What does zinc gluconate neutralized with arginine do?

A

By injecting it into the testicles, it chemically castrates dogs between the ages of 3mo and 10mo.

75
Q

What three drugs induce ejaculation in stallions?

A

Imipramine (DOC), PGF2a, and a2 agonists, like Xylazine.

76
Q

What is the MOA of Imipramine?

A

Inhibition of the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

77
Q

What does xylazine do in stallions?

A

Induces erection, emission and ejaculation primarily mediated by the SNS through stimulation of alpha receptors (a2.)

78
Q

What is another name for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

79
Q

What are two clinical uses for somatotropin in large animals?

A
  1. Increase milk production

2. Enhance growth

80
Q

What are two clinical uses for somatotropin in small animals?

A
  1. Treat pituitary dwarfism

2. GH-responsive dermatosis

81
Q

What are some adverse effects of somatotropin?

A
  1. May increase incidence of mastitis in large animals

2. Can cause DM or hypersensitivity reactions in small animals.

Pharmacology II Exam II (5 decks)

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