RT105 (RADBIO) Flashcards
branch of science concerned with the action of ionizing radiation on biological tissues and living organisms.
RADIOBIOLOGY
The job of radiologic technologists is to produce high quality x-ray images with minimal radiation exposures.
ALARA
-Early effect of Radiation
-Radiation response increases in severity, occurs within minutes or days after exposure
Deterministic Effect
-Late effect of Radiation
Radiation response is observed for 6 months or longer after radiation exposure. Radiation response increases in incidence.
Stochastic Effect
he discovered numerous tiny pores, which he described as “cells”.
Robert Hooke (1655)
He was responsible for discovering bacteria, free living and parasitic tiny protists, sperm cells, blood cells, microscopic nematodes and rotifers, and many other organisms.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
offered the notion that animals’ and plants’ bodies are made up of cells and cell products based on this
Schleiden & Schwann (1838)
they proposed the cell theory
Schleiden & Schwann (1838)
in 1953 they described the molecular structure of DNA as the genetic substance of the cell.
Watson and Crick
made a significant contribution to human health
Molecular Imaging
The human body is composed of
atoms
85% of the human body consists of
hydrogen and oxygen
These are very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms
macromolecules
-It plays a particularly important role in delivering energy to the target molecule, thereby contributing to radiation effects.
-They provide some form and shape, assist in maintaining body temperature, and enter into some biochemical reactions.
-The most abundant molecule in the body, and it is the simplest.
water
the self-regulating procedures that help an organism maintain stability while adjusting oneself to suitable environmental conditions
homeostasis
sum of all biochemical reactions that take place in an organism in order to maintain the living condition of the cells within it
metabolism
this processes are those in which complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules and energy is released.
catabolism
this processes of metabolism are those in which simple molecules are changed to complex molecules
anabolism
-are long chains of components known as amino acids consisting of layered structures. The first level is known as the primary structure, which is the order of amino acids in every chain
-Are long chains macromolecules that consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
proteins
-complex proteins that are produced by living cells and act as catalysts in biological reactions (such as digestion).
enzymes
-chemical-signaling molecules that are produced by endocrine cells and act to control or regulate particular physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
hormones
constitute a primary defense mechanism of the body against infection and disease.
anti bodies
carbohydrates that include natural sugars. They originate from fruit, sugar, and anything else sweet. These substances can be easily broken down by the human body, which causes various issues.
simple carbohydrates
carbohydrates that are a vital source of energy for your body’s operations. They supply your body with the long-term energy required for exercise, daily activities, and even relaxation and recovery.
complex carbohydrates
Simple sugars
MONOSACCHARIDES
simple sugars that are soluble in water
DISACCHARIDES
composed of 3–10 monosaccharide units in a saccharide polymer
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
a lengthy chain of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages
POLYSACCHARIDES
Are very large and extremely complex macromolecules.
The most critical and radiosensitive target molecule
NUCLEIC ACID
- Located in the nucleus of the cell.
- It serves as the command or control molecule for cell function.
- It contains all the hereditary information that represents a cell and, of course, if the cell is a germ cell, all the hereditary information of the whole individual.
DNA
Located principally in the cytoplasm, also is found in the nucleus. A single-stranded structure and is found inside the cell of various life forms.
RNA
Three Types of RNA:
- Message RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
It is the main constituent of ribosomes and helps in establishing bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2 TYPES OF RING STRUCTURES
PURINES (DOUBLE RINGS)
PYRIMIDINES (SINGLE RING)
PURINES consists of?
adenine & guanine
Pyrimidines consists of?
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Lack a defined nucleus
Dispersed genetic material in the cytoplasm.
PROKARYOTIC
Have a defined nucleus
EUKARYOTIC
Cellulose cell wall; chloroplasts and vacuoles.
PLANT
Rigid cell wall; may have flagella.
ANIMALS
They can have a cell wall, without differentiated tissues.
PROTIST
Chitin Cell Wall; they are heterotrophs.
FUNGAL
- Its primary role lies in regulating the passage of substances, including nutrients and waste materials.
-surrounds the cell and is a selective barrier between the interior and the exterior.
CELL MEMBRANE
- Its primary function is to store and safeguard genetic information, controlling gene expression and DNA replication.
- An organelle that houses DNA, located in the center of eukaryotic cells.
CELL NUCLEUS
- It makes up the bulk of the cell and contains great quantities of all molecular components except DNA.
- It plays a crucial role in biochemical reactions, energy production, and substance transport. Essential for cellular metabolism, it provides structural support to the cell.
cytoplasm
- A network of interconnected membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in the transport, processing, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
are essential organelles for cellular functioning and survival.
* They synthesize proteins using the genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for cellular structure, function, and regulation.
* are located in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
ribosomes
- Key in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- It synthesizes carbohydrates and lipoproteins and is essential for maintaining the cell’s internal balance and facilitating communication with the outside.
GOLGI APPARATUS
- Present in eukaryotic animal and plant cells. Their primary function is energy generation through cellular respiration (ATP production).
MITOCHONDRIA
Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- is the act of a single cell or group of cells to reproduce and multiply in number.
CELL PROLIFERATION
are formed during asexual reproduction by/ mitosis.
somatic cells
are formed during sexual reproduction by / meiosis.
germ cells
refer to cells that are not somatic.
vegetal cells
- is the cell cycle phase in which newly generated DNA is divided into two new cells with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Mitosis
STAGES OF MITOSIS:
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
- A cell spends a period of its growth in this before commencing mitosis
interphase
When in interphase, it passes through the following phases:
G1
S Phase
G2 Phase
- Mitosis officially begins in this phase. During this phase, the chromatin, which consists of DNA and proteins, condenses into visible chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at a region called the centromere. The nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus, begins to break down, and spindle fibers start to form.
prophase
- During this phase, the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, which is an imaginary plane equidistant from the two poles of the cell. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the same number and type of chromosomes.
metaphase
- is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids. The spindle fibers attached to the centromeres shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart and moving them toward opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase
- the separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and new nuclear envelopes begin to form around them. The chromosomes start to decondense back into chromatin, and the spindle fibers disassemble
telophase
- Genetic cells undergo reduction division. No S-phase, therefore no DNA Replication.
MEIOSIS
- chromatids exchange chromosomal material
CROSSING OVER/CROSSOVER
collection of cells of similar structure and function.
TISSUES
collection of tissue of similar structure and function.
ORGANS
combination of tissues and organs.
ORGAN SYSTEM
TISSUE COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY:
My F**king Organ Sucks Blood So Bad, Sh*t
Muscle
Fat
Organ
Skeleton
Blood
Subcutaneous Tissue
Bone Marrow
Skin
covering tissue may it be exterior and interior
EPITHELIUM
binds organs and tissues together. Highly elastic, high in protein and fibers.
CONNECTIVE AND SUPPORTING TISSUE
tissue that can contract; high in protein
MUSCLE
consists of specialized cells called neurons.
NERVOUS
part of an organ that contains tissues representative of that organ.
PARENCHYMAL
part of an organ composed of connective tissue that provide structure.
STROMAL
