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Bacteria > RT Pathogens > Flashcards

RT Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences in the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

Upper is non sterile. Lower is sterile

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2
Q

What are common pathogens in the RT from upper to lower?

A 
Bordetella pertussis
Corynebacterium diphtehriae
Neisseria meningitidis
Strep pyogenes
Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella penumophila
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (true pathogen)
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3
Q

What does Legionella pneumophila cuase?

A

Legionnaire’s disease and pontiac fever

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4
Q

Describe the motility and metabolism of mycobacterium

A

Non motile, aerobic

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5
Q

What is unique about Mycobacterium?

A

Lipid-rich cell wall–resists antimicrobials, disinfectants and stainings

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6
Q

What kind of stain identifies Mycobacterium?

A

Acid fast

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7
Q

What kind of diseases do mycobacteria cause?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae-leprosy
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)-pulmonary disease in mostly immunocompromised

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8
Q

Where is trehalose dimycolate found, and what does it do?

A

in cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis

makes caseating granulomas (necrosis, inflammation)

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9
Q

What are the reservoirs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Humans only

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10
Q

How does a healthy person get M. tuberculosis?

A

From close exposure for long time with someone who has active tuberculosis

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11
Q

HOw is M. tuberculosis transmitted?

A

inhalation, taken up by phagocytic cells

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12
Q

What makes someone with active TB infectious?

A

Have lots of TB in their sputum

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of active TB?

A

Malaise
Weight loss
COUGH
NIGHT SWEATS

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14
Q

What is characteristic of latent TB?

A

granuloma (area of activated immune cells)

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of latent TB? What do you see on CXRs?

A

usually none, no signs of lesion on CXR and sputum normal

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16
Q

How can you tell the difference from a primary infection with TB as opposed to that caused by reactivation of latent infection?

A

Hard to tell

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17
Q

What is the gold standard for ID of M tuberculosis?

A

Positive culture (however, grows slowly)

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18
Q

What ID tests can you do for M tuberculosis?

A 
PPD
Quantiferon assay (using bacterium's secreted antigens, detects IFN released from blood cells)
19
Q

How is mycobacterium leprae spread?

A

Inhalation

20
Q

How can you differentiate the two main types of leprosy?

A

Tuberculoidal leprosy follows a strong cell mediated immune response and weak humoral response. The opposite is true for lepromatous leprosy

In tuberculoidal, few erythematous plaques; not infectious

In lepromatous, many erythematous plaques, very infectious

21
Q

What is treatment like in general for Mycobacteria?

A

Difficult in treating; needs multiple antibiotics and lengthy treatments

22
Q

Describe the stain and shape, any other features of Legionella

A

Gram negative (but stain poorly) bacilli, single flagella

23
Q

Metabolism of Legionella

A

Obligate aerobes

24
Q

Where does Legionella infection start?

A

Lungs

25
Q

Which of the following are opportunistic pathogens? Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila

26
Q

What is unique about the metabolism of Legionella?

A

gets most energy from breaking down amino acids instead of carbs

27
Q

What is the major Legionella species causing disease in humans?

A

Legionella penumophila serogroup I

28
Q

Where are Legionellea commonly found?

A

water, living in amoeba

29
Q

How are Legionella able to infect humans?

A

inhalation, NOT by drinking water. no transmission between people

30
Q

Pathogenesis of Legionella

A

Intracellular pathogen, replicates within phagocytic cells
Makes virulence factors (many-cytotoxins, hemolysins, proteases, endotoxins, lipases)
Type IV secretion system that ejects things into macrophage cytosol
Prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Legionaire’s disease?

A

Pneumonia, cough, fever, chest pain

32
Q

Pontiac fever symptoms

A

Flu-like (fever, chills, malaise)

33
Q

Stain and shape of Pseudomonas

A

gram negative rods, flagella

34
Q

Where are Pseudomonas commonly found?

A

water and soil, biofilms on catheters

35
Q

Metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

oxidase positive! oxidize various carbs

36
Q

Hemolysis ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

hemolytic on blood agar plates

37
Q

What are special pigments made by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Pyoverdin and pyocanin–help resist ox stress and give it green color on agar

38
Q

What is the phenotype of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF patients?

A

mucoid

39
Q

What enables Pseudomonas aeruginosa to make biofilms and microcolonies?

A

polysaccharide capsule

40
Q

What changes do you see in CF patients with age with respect to Psuedomonas aeruginosa infection?

A

Non-mucoid to mucoid bacteria

41
Q

Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Lots of different virulence factors!
makes adhesins
makes polyshaccharide capsule alginate cover that causes mucoid phenotype
makes endotoxin-can cause shock
pyocyanine and pyochelin cause oxygen radicals to be released from host cells
exotoxins injected into host cells
makes proteases

42
Q

Where do Pseudomonas live in the host?

A

extracellular

43
Q

How can Psuedomonas infect a human?

A 
cystic fibrosis
eye (contact lenses for long time)
burns
UTI
wound
can cause bacteremia and endocarditis

Bacteria (6 decks)

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