Routine Urinalysis Flashcards
What is the number one body fluid likely to be helpful in the evaluation of patients for urinary disease?
Urine
What are the 3 different methods of urine collection?
- Free Catch
- Catheterization
- Cystocentesis
Pros:
- No risk of complications
- Sample may be collected by client
Cons:
- Subject to contamination by the urethra and genital tract
Free Catch - Midstream voided sample
Pros:
- Simple to perform
- Can get sample even when bladder is small
Cons:
- Risk of introducing urinary tract infection especially in female dogs (approximately 20% risk in females) following a single catheterization; far more risk when urinary catheter is indwelling
- May result in increased numbers of red cells and epithelial cells in the sediment due to micro-trauma from catheter
- Fairly technically easy in male dogs, requires anesthesia/sedation and skill in female dogs and female and male cats
Catheterized Sample
Which method of urine collection is considered routine for use in dogs and cats, and for some ruminants and foals with ultrasound guidance?
Cystocentesis Sample
Pros:
- No risk contamination by urethra or genital tract
- Simple to perform when the bladder is palpable with ultrasound guidance
- Negligible risk of introducing infection
- Useful in animals at high risk for infection (e.g. those with diabetes mellitus or hyperadrenocorticism)
- Well-tolerated by both dogs and cats
- Ultrasound guidance can be helpful in gaining sample when bladder is not full
- “Blind” techniques for sample collection are successful in about 50% of the attempts
Cons:
- Possibility of introducing red cells in the sediment due to iatrogenic trauma
- Theoretical risk of leakage of urine from bladder
- Potential risk of puncturing other abdominal viscera
- Methods for use in horses or ruminants have not been developed; ultrasound guidance for collection in foals and small ruminants is a possibility
Cystocentesis Sample
(T/F) You don’t have to report how the sample was obtained
False
What is the only portion of the urinalysis that provides information about a level of renal function?
Specific Gravity
What are the three components of a complete urinalysis?
- Urine Collection
- Perform Urinalysis
- Interpretation of the Urinalysis
is a reflection of the total solute concentration in urine
Specific Gravity (SpG, USG)
Which of the following represents more severe proteinuria:
Scenerio 1- 4+ or 1000 mg/dL protein in 1.045 urine
Scenerio 2- 4+ or 1000 mg/dL protein in 1.010 urine
Scenerio 2
Defined as elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products (BUN-usually ranging 7 to 21 mg/dL), creatinine in the blood, and other secondary waste products within the body
Azotemia
What do you do when refractometer won’t read high enough?
Dilute sample 1:1 with distilled water and double the last 2 digits
Specific gravity tends to be _______ in puppies under three weeks of age, even if they are dehydrated.
low (1.018 -+ 0.010)
When the SpGr is anywhere from 1.007-1.008 up to 1.012- 1.015, it is known as:
Isosthenuria
Urine Osmolarity = ______________
Plasma Osmolality
In a Chemistry (Dipstrip) we mostly pay attention to?
- pH
- Protein
- Glucose
- Ketones
- Occult Blood
- Bilirubin
- WBC’s
In a Chemistry (Dipstrip) we mostly pay attention to?
- pH
- Protein
- Glucose
- Ketones
- Occult Blood
- Bilirubin
- WBC’s (not as useful)
The normal urine pH of carnivores (eg, dogs, cats) is:
5.0-7.5 (acidic)
The normal urine pH of herbivores (eg, horses, cattle, small ruminants)
is:
7.5-8.5 (alkaline)
the period or condition of increased alkalinity of the body fluids and urine during digestion associated with the loss of acid by secretion of gastric juice
Alkaline Tide
(1) Meat diet
(2) Administration of acidifying agents
(3) Metabolic acidosis
(4) Respiratory acidosis
(5) Paradoxical aciduria in metabolic alkalosis with potassium and chloride depletion
(6) Protein catabolic states
Causes of acidic urine pH
(1) Plant based diet
(2) Urine allowed to stand open to air at room temperature
(3) Post-prandial alkaline tide
(4) Urinary tract infection by a urease-positive organism
(5) Administration of alkalinizing agents
(6) Metabolic alkalosis
(7) Respiratory alkalosis
(8) Distal renal tubular acidosis
Causes of alkaline urine pH
The protein pad on the dipstick detects ______ more than it detects _______
albumin, globulin
What is something that can falsely elevate the protein in the urine?
Red Blood Cells in the Urine, but there has to be enough blood in the urine to make the urine look reddish or pink
or
significant pyuria
There is _____ of creatinine in very concentrated urine and there is ______ creatine in very dilute urine
a lot, less
What are the three categories of proteinuria?
- Pre-glomerular proteinuria
- Post-glomerular proteinuria
- Glomerular proteinuria
Functional (also called physiologic). Usually benign and transient. Abates when the underlying cause is corrected—poorly documented in veterinary medicine as a cause of proteinuria.
Pre-glomerular proteinuria