Renal Physiology and AKI (Week 5): pH, BP, Diuretics, Clinical AKI Flashcards

1
Q

are ones that are in gas form, and this means carbon dioxide, CO2.

A

Volatile acids

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2
Q

Can’t be expired. They are excreted by the kidneys.

A

Fixed acids

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3
Q

help blunt the change in pH that would occur from adding acid or alkali to a solution.

A

Buffers

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4
Q

What are an important intracellular buffer?

A

Proteins

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5
Q

What are an important extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonates

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6
Q

Proteins and bicarbonate, work instantly. They prevent
major swings in pH, but they do not get rid of the _________________

A

acid or base

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7
Q

What can lead to acidosis?

A

Increasing the hydrogen ion concentration

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8
Q

Where does bicarbonate reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal Tubules
(w/ little remaining for reabsorption in the loop of Henle and distal segments)

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9
Q

There are two main
buffers in the kidney:

A

phosphate and ammonia.

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10
Q

Why may cattle develop metabolic alkalosis with kidney failure?

A

Because cattle normally have renal bicarbonate excretion

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11
Q

Don’t treat with bicarb unless the pH is less than ______

A

7.1

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12
Q

the medical term used to describe having too much sodium in the blood

A

hypernatremic

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13
Q

The main ways the
kidney controls it is via ________ , which maintains renal perfusion and promotes correction of HYPOtension, and via pressure natriuriesis, which dumps sodium and water to correct
HYPERtension

A

RAAS

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14
Q

________________ is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, which is how tight the vessels are around the blood they contain.

A

Blood Pressure

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15
Q

_____________ is determined by heart rate and the stroke volume, which is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each heart beat

A

Cardiac Output

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16
Q

______________ is common with kidney disease

A

Hypertension

17
Q

Equation for blood
pressure

A

BP = TPR x SV x HR

18
Q

What are the most common causes of AKI?

A

ischemia and nephrotoxins

19
Q

Seizures are not a common sign of ____________ , unless it is very severe AKI, or a puppy with renal dysplasia

A

kidney disease

20
Q

Why don’t we usually measure GFR in patients with AKI?

A

Because GFR may be rapidly changing with AKI

21
Q

(T/F) An acute diagnosis of kidney disease is not the same as acute kidney disease

A

True

22
Q

Frequently the finding in a _________ patient is normal to slightly enlarged kidneys with no other distinguishing features

A

AKI

23
Q

generally block the action of one of the transporters in the kidney, generally something related to decreasing sodium reabsorption.

A

Chemical Diuretics

24
Q

alter the gradient for water reabsorption

A

Osmotic diuretics

25
Q

is a loop diuretic because it works in the loop of Henle. Most of the side effects relate to the clinical effect – blocking reabsorption of potassium along with sodium, and excessive volume loss, but ototoxicity is another potential side effect seen at extremely high doses

A

furosemide

26
Q

Drug that blocks aldosterone

A

Spironolactone

27
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium

28
Q

What happens if you block aldosterone?

A

You reabsorb less sodium, and if more sodium stays in the ultra-filtrate, more water stays, and you have a larger volume of urine

29
Q

Potassium-sparing Diuretics:

A

Spironolactone, epleronone, amiloride, and triamterene

30
Q

Unlike furosemide and thiazides, Spironolactone keeps the …

A

potassium levels from getting too low

31
Q

Diuretics to increase urine output ___________ the outcome of AKI.

A

do NOT improve

32
Q

is an osmotic diuretic that can be used if the patient hydration status is close to normal, but should be avoided with severe overhydration or dehydration.

A

Mannitol

33
Q

The mean arterial pressure should be maintained above ________________ , or the systolic pressure above _________________

A

60 to 80 mm Hg, 80 to 100 mm Hg

34
Q

In order to get rid of acid from the body, the kidneys must:

A

Both reabsorb filtered bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions

35
Q

How do the kidneys help control blood pressure?

A
  • Low blood volume stimulates renin release which stimulates angiotensin formation, which constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure
  • An increase in blood volume increases glomerular filtration, which increases urine volume to decrease blood volume which decreases blood pressure
  • Low blood volume stimulates renin release which stimulates angiotensin formation, which stimulates aldosterone which causes sodium retention which causes water retention and thus increases blood pressure
36
Q

Administration of furosemide to an animal with AKI may:

A

Increase urine volume