Acute Kidney Injury in Ruminants and Camelids Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pathophysiologic mechanism of heat-stress induced AKI in camelids

A

Climatic Heat stress and exercise - heat strain –> Increased HR, Decreased CVP, Decreased Blood Volume –> Hemoconcentration, e-lyte imbalances, increased RBC fragility

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2
Q

What are the 3 main categories of Pre-renal AKI causes?

A
  • Circulatory collapse
  • Severe dehydration
  • Anemia
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3
Q

What is the overall cause of Pre-renal AKI?

A

Hemodynamic renal injury/insufficiency

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4
Q

Pre-renal AKI Causes
- Cardiac disease
- Severe Burns
- Heat stress

A

Circulatory Collapse

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5
Q

Pre-renal AKI Causes
- GI disease
- Impaired swallowing
- Inadequate intake

A

Severe Dehydration

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6
Q

Pre-renal AKI Causes
- GI Parasitism
- Blood parasitism
- Copper Toxicity
- Enzootic Hematuria

A

Anemia

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7
Q

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing, as a symptom of disease

A

dysphagia

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8
Q

What species is NOT as heat and humidity tolerant as other farm animals?

A

Camelids

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9
Q

Hemoconcentration, electrolyte imbalances, and shunting of blood to peripheral capillary beds —>

A

renal compromise

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10
Q

Renal AKI Causes are:

A

-Infectious/inflammatory
- Toxic

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11
Q

Leptospirosis in Cattle can present in different ways:

A
  • Host-adapted
  • Non Host-adapted
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12
Q
  • Silent, subclinical carriers
  • Persistent, latent urogenital infection
  • Leptospira hardjo-bovis
A

Host-adapted

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13
Q
  • Acute, severe disease
  • Fever, lethargy, sharp Decreased milk production
  • Hemolytic anemia - hemoglobinuria
  • Leptospiremia - direct tubular damage
  • Hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa
A

Non host-adapted

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14
Q

What are the most present in the vaccines given to cattle?

A

Hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa

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15
Q

(afferent arteriole) Prostaglandin causes:

A

Vasodilation

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16
Q

(efferent arteriole) Angiotensin II causes:

A

Vasoconstriction

17
Q

Prostaglandin is produced by what pathway?

A

Arachidonic Acid Pathway by COX1 and COX2

18
Q

Prostaglandins are mostly useful during ……

A

dehydration

19
Q

Nephrotoxins - Vitamin D
What is the problem with overdosing vitamin D?

A

The metabolites result in HYPERphosphatemia/HYPERcalcemia
- resulting in Dystrophic mineralization

20
Q

What does Iatrogenic Hypervitaminosis D in Camelids cause?

A

Dystrophic Mineralization in the kidneys

21
Q

Renal AKI Causes
- Fungal Nephritis
- Bacterial Nephritis

A

Infectious/Inflammatory

22
Q

Renal AKI Causes
1- Heavy metals
2- Plants
3- Antibiotics/anti-inflammatories
4- Pigment
5- Vitamin D overdose

A

Toxic

23
Q

Post-Renal AKI Causes:

A
  • Infectious
  • Mechanical
  • Dietary
24
Q

Post-Renal AKI Causes
- Enzootic posthitis/vulvitis
- Prostatitis
- Meningeal worm

A

Infectious

25
Q

Post-Renal AKI Causes
- Pelvic Entrapment

A

Mechanical

26
Q

Post-Renal AKI Causes
- Urolithiasis
- Enzootic Hematuria

A

Dietary

27
Q

Clinical signs for Post-Renal AKI are:

A

Very similar to each other

28
Q

Ammonia is Alkaline –> C. renale produces pH-mediated pili –> More alkaline = more pili –> C. renale successfully ascends urinary tract

A

Enzootic Posthitis/Vulvitis

29
Q

What is a major risk factor for establishment of C. renale infection?

A

High Protein Diet