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Pharmaceutics > Routes of Administration (Parenterals) > Flashcards

Routes of Administration (Parenterals) Flashcards

1
Q

What is parenteral administration?

A
  • Drug administration other than via the GI tract (skin)
  • Intravenous, Intrathecal, Intra-arterial, Intra dermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intra-articular, intraocular
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2
Q

What is the intravenous route?

A
  • Typically via a surface vein
  • Rapidly increases plasma drug concentration (100%) drug absorption
  • Water in oil emulsions can’t be administered as IV. Extreme pH or hypotonic (conc solution) causes inflammation
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3
Q

What are subcutaneous injections?

A
  • Also called hypodermic
  • Inject into loose connective and adipose (body fat) tissue, directly below dermal skin layer (typically abdomen/ upper arms)
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4
Q

What are intra arterial and intercardiac injections?

A
  • Like IV but at an artery
  • More invasive and less accessible than veins
  • Intracardiac route is only used in life threatening emergencies : quick effect to heart
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5
Q

What are intradermal injections?

A
  • Inject into skin between epidermis and dermis
  • Absorption is low: little interstitial fluid to facilitate drug diffusion
  • Used for vaccines
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6
Q

What are intramuscular injections?

A
  • Inject into tissue of a relaxed muscle (shoulder)
  • Aqueous or oily solutions can be administered
  • Absorption = slower than subcutaneous
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7
Q

What are intraspinal route injections?

A
  • Intrathecal: Directly into cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space in spinal canal. Drugs bypass blood brain barrier
  • Epidural: Into epidural space between dura mater and vertebrae
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8
Q

What is the intra articular injections?

A
  • Given into the synovial fluid of joints cavities
  • Suitable for aqueous solutions and suspensions
  • 100% drug absorption at site
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9
Q

What is intraocular injections!

A
  • Administed into eyes and subclassified into:
  • intracameral
  • intravitreal
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10
Q

What is intracameral injections?

A
  • Into the anterior chamber CIN front of lens)
  • from 0.1-1ml volumes
  • local anaesthetics during eye surgery
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11
Q

What are intravitreal injections?

A
  • Into the vitreous chamber
  • to treat various ocular diseases
  • max 0.1ml
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12
Q

What are the advantages of the parenteral route?

A
  • Rapid onset of action
  • avoids first puss hepatic metabolism, improves bioavailability
  • suitable for unconscious patients
  • allows higher concentration in the systemic circulation
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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of the parenteral route?

A
  • Requires healthcare professional
  • potential risks during administration/ needle injuries
  • needle phobic
  • shelf life= shorter
  • requires refrigerator storage
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14
Q

Why should excipients be added?

A
  • Adjust isotonicity to match human blood
  • adjust ph
  • increase drug solubility & stability
  • increase shelf life
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15
Q

What are the different vehicles for injections?

A
  • Water
  • saline
  • solubilising agents = aid drug dissolution (surfactants)
  • Co-solvent
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16
Q

What are common preservatives in parenteral products?

A
  • Benzalkonium chloride
  • Benzoic acid
  • Benzyl Alcohol
17
Q

What are some co-solvents can aid drug solubility and have anti microbial effects?

A
  • Ethanol
  • Glycerol
  • Propylene glycol
18
Q

What do antioxidants do and what is sparging

A
  • Reduce drug degradation by oxidation and extend shelf life
  • Bubble nitrogen gas through drug solution to displace oxygen in the formulation
19
Q

What are some antioxidants used?

A
  • Vitamin C, E,
  • Sodium metabisulphite, bisuphite, sulphite
20
Q

What tonicity adjusting agents can be added to hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?

A
  • Hypotonic: cells swell , NaCl, dextrose or mannitol
  • Hypertonic: cells shrink, use dilutions
21
Q

What suspending agents are commonly used?

A
  • Methylcellulose and polysorbates
  • Ensure drug can be readily suspended by shaking prior to use
22
Q

What are pharmacopeial requirements of parenterals?

A
  • Sterility
  • Must be free from endotoxins and pyrogens
  • Except suspensions for IM, SC or intra articular routes, all products must be free of visible particles: will travel through venous system to lung, preventing blood flow
23
Q

What are Endotoxins?

A
  • Are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
24
Q

What are Pyrogens?

A
  • Are substances that cause fever, typically produced by bacteria or viruses
25
Q

What are category specific requirements for injections?

A
  • Solutions: must be clear & free from visible particles
  • Suspensions: readily resuspended on shaking
  • Emulsions: No creaming or cracking
  • Contain antimicrobial preservative
  • Unpreserved injections are formulated in single dose containers
26
Q

What are category specific requirements for infusions?

A
  • Sterile
  • Water as continuous phase
  • Isotonic
  • Typical volume 100-1000ml
  • No preservatives
27
Q

What are category specific requirements for concentrates for injections and infusions?

A
  • After dilution can be used (usually with saline and administered in infusion bags)
28
Q

What are category specific requirements for powders for injections or infusions?

A
  • Dry sterile solid in final container for reconstitution
  • Required volume of diluent is added prior to administration
  • Short shelf life
29
Q

Which different formulations require the drug to be dissolved before absorption?

A
  • SC, IM, Intra articular
  • Allows slow and prolonged release : reduce dose frequency
30
Q

What are the requirements of containers?

A
  • Made from glass or plastic
  • Effectively sealed to prevent contamination
  • Airtight
31
Q

What are the different containers used?

A
  • Glass ampoules: Single use
  • Plastic ampoules: more robust, more prone to drug adsorption
  • Vials: Rubber closure held in place by aluminium cover, dust protection
  • Infusion bags/ bottles: large volumes packaged in collapsible infusion bags, semi rigid plastic bottles, glass bottles
32
Q

What is the physiological pH, acceptable pH for injections and how can pH be adjusted?

A
  • 7.4
  • 3-9 (pH outside range is corrosive and causes tissue damage)
  • Acidifying agents: hydrochloric
  • Alkalizing agents: sodium bicarbonate

Pharmaceutics (12 decks)

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