Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Question 1

Cognitive factors, more than immediate reinforcements, determine how people will react to environmental forces; our expectations of future events are major determinants of performance

Answer 1

Social Learning Theory

Question 2

This position holds that human behavior is based largely on the interaction of people with their meaningful environments

Answer 2

Rotter’s interactionist position

Question 3

Assumes that people choose a course of action that advances them toward an anticipated goal

Answer 3

Rotter’s empirical law of effect

Question 4

The possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement

Answer 4

Behavior potential

Question 5

People’s confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behavior in a specific situation or situations; can either be general or specific

Answer 5

Expectancy

Question 6

A person’s preference for any particular reinforcement over other reinforcements if all are equally likely to occur

Answer 6

Reinforcement value

Question 7

The individual’s perception of an event

Answer 7

Internal reinforcement

Question 8

Society’s evaluation of an event

Answer 8

External reinforcement

Question 9

The value of an event is a function of one’s expectation that a particular reinforcement will lead to future reinforcements

Answer 9

Reinforcement−reinforcement sequences

Question 10

Part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding

Answer 10

Psychological situation

Question 11

The potential for a behavior to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of people’s expectancy that the behavior will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation

Answer 11

Basic prediction formula

Question 12

People’s expectations based on similar past experiences that a given behavior will be reinforced; include people’s needs−that is, behaviors that move them toward a goal

Answer 12

Generalized expectancies

Question 13

Functionally related categories of behaviors

Answer 13

Needs

Question 14

The need to excel, to achieve, and to have others recognize one’s worth

Answer 14

Recognition−status

Question 15

The need to control the behavior of others, to be in charge, or to gain power over others

Answer 15

Dominance

Question 16

The need to be free from the domination of others

Answer 16

Independence

Question 17

The need to have others take care of us and to protect us from harm

Answer 17

Protection−dependency

Question 18

Needs to be warmly accepted by others and to be held in friendly regard

Answer 18

Love and affection

Question 19

Behaviors aimed at securing food, good health, and physical security

Answer 19

Physical comfort

Question 20

The possible occurrences of a set of functionally related behaviors directed toward the satisfaction of similar goals

Answer 20

Need potential

Question 21

A person’s overall expectation of being reinforced for performing behaviors directed toward satisfying some general need

Answer 21

Freedom of movement

Question 22

The extent to which people prefer one set of reinforcements to another

Answer 22

Need value

Question 23

Need potential is a function of freedom of movement and need value

Answer 23

General prediction formula

Question 24

Rotter’s two most famous scales for measuring generalized expectancies

Answer 24

The Internal−External Control Scale and the Interpersonal Trust Scale

Question 25

popularly called “locus of control scale”; attempts to measure the degree to which people perceive a causal relationship between their own efforts and environmental consequences

Answer 25

The Internal−External Control Scale

Question 26

Measures the extent to which a person expects the word or promise of another person to be true

Answer 26

The Interpersonal Trust Scale

Question 27

Any persistent behavior that fails to move a person closer to a desired goal; usually the result of unrealistically high goals in combination with low ability to achieve them.

Answer 27

maladaptive behavior

Question 28

People’s pattern of variability is their behavioral signature of personality, or their unique and stable pattern of behaving differently in different situations

Answer 28

Cognitive−Affective Personality System

Question 29

The observation that, although both laypeople and professionals tend to believe that behavior is quite consistent, research suggests that it is not

Answer 29

Consistency paradox

Question 30

Behavior is best predicted from an understanding of the person, the situation, and the interaction between person and situation; behavior is not the result of some global personality trait, but by people’s perceptions of themselves in a particular situation

Answer 30

Person-situation interaction

Question 31

If personality is a stable system that processes information about the situation, then individuals encountering different situations should behave differently as situations vary; though people’s behavior may reflect some stability over time, it tends to vary as situations vary

Answer 31

Behavior prediction

Question 32

Include all those stimuli that people attend to in a given situation

Answer 32

Situation variables

Question 33

Include all those psychological, social, and physiological aspects of people that permit them to interact with their environment with some stability in their behavior

Answer 33

Cognitive−affective units

Question 34

People’s individualized manner of categorizing information they receive from external stimuli

Answer 34

Encoding strategies

Question 35

People use these strategies to control their own behavior through self−formulated goals and self−produced consequences; includes intelligence, which is responsible for the apparent consistency of other traits

Answer 35

Competencies and self−regulatory strategies

Question 36

People’s guesses about the consequences of each of the different behavioral possibilities

Answer 36

Expectancies and beliefs

Question 37

This unit tends to render behavior fairly consistent

Answer 37

Goals and values

Question 38

Includes emotions, feelings, and the affects that accompany physiological reactions

Answer 38

Affective responses