rosh gpt Flashcards
what does systemic circulation do?
carries oxygenated blood from heart to body and returns deoxygenated blood to heart.
What is the process of systemic circulation?
Blood flows from left atrium to the left ventricle, then pumps it through aorta to body.
What is pulmonary circulation?
takes deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood to heart.
What is the process of pulmonary circulation?
Blood flows from right atrium to the right ventricle, then pumps it into pulmonary artery to lungs.
What is coronary circulation?
supplies the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygenated blood.
What is the process of coronary circulation?
Blood enters the coronary arteries, supplies the myocardium, and returns via coronary veins to right atrium.
What is cardiac output (Q)? and how is it calculated
volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.
calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) times stroke volume (SV).
What factors affect cardiac output?
Increased heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) during exercise raise cardiac output (Q).
What is cardiovascular drift?
In prolonged exercise, stroke volume decreases while heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output.
What is the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?
Blood flow to muscles increases, and flow to other organs
What is the heart’s role as a double pump?
The left side pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation), while the right side pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation).
What is myocardium?
The heart muscle responsible for contractions to pump blood
What causes a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
chest pain due to a blockage of blood flow to the myocardium,
often due to plaque buildup in the coronary arteries.
What is the path of blood flow in the heart?
y
Blood flows through atria, into the ventricles, and pumped to lungs or body
What is the function of heart valves?
They prevent backflow of blood;
what is Systole:
Atria contract to pump blood into ventricles.
what is diastole
Ventricles contract to pump blood to lungs and body.
what is systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure: the pressure during heart contraction
diastolic: pressure when heart is resting
What is the electrical pathway in the heart?
SA node → atria contract → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers → ventricles contract.
what is the P wave
QRS wave
T wave
P wave: Atria contract.
QRS complex: Ventricles contract.
T wave: Ventricles reset.
What are the components of blood?
white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets
Plasma: Transports nutrients and waste.
RBCs: Carry oxygen and nutrients.
WBCs: Fight infection.
Platelets: Assist in blood clotting.
What are the methods of venous return?
Skeletal muscle pump: Muscle contractions help blood return to heart.
Thoracic pump: Breathing moves blood from abdomen to chest.
Venoconstriction: Veins constrict during exercise
What factors regulate stroke volume?
Preload: More blood in left ventricle increases stroke volume.
Afterload: Lower pressure in aorta increases stroke volume.
Strength of contraction: Increased contraction force raises stroke volume
what is Stroke Volume (SV
volume of Blood pumped by the left ventricle per beat.
what is LVEDV
Volume of blood in left ventricle at end of diastole.
what is EF (Ejection Fraction):
volume of blood pumped out per beat.
what is HR heart rate
beats per min
what is MHR (Maximum Heart Rate):
220 age
what is SV (Stroke Volume):
Blood volume pumped per beat.
What are the cardiovascular effects of training?
Heart: Increased size, more forceful contractions, higher stroke volume, and lower resting heart rate.
Blood: More blood volume, increased red blood cells, more capillaries.
How does blood flow improve during exercise?
Blood is redirected to working muscles, reducing flow to other organs.
What is bradycardia?
A heart rate lower than 60 bpm, due to improved efficiency from training.
What are the cardiovascular changes with training?
Increased heart mass: Enlarged ventricles and thicker walls, improving stroke volume.
Increased blood volume: More plasma and red blood cells for improved oxygen transport.
