ROSH DECK MIDTERM OK Flashcards
570
Muhammad was born in Makka
595
Muhammad married Khadija at age 25 when she was 40
610
Month of Ramadan, “Night of Power” (First Revelation)Heard voice of Angel Gabriel, “Read, read in the name of your Lord”
613
Muhammad becomes the “messenger,” has revelation to go publicMakkans were furious, slaves followed MuhammadReasons for rejection; revenue would decrease from pagans, pagans did not believe in one God, second life
615
“First Immigration”: sent Muslims out of Makka to EthiopiaPagans tried to convince Christian king to kill Muslims–failed
616
Pagans decide to boycott Hashimites family (Muhammad’s)
619
“Year of Mourning” : Khadija and Abu Talib died
620
Madina required arbitrator to solve feud betweens Aws and KazrajConditions: his followers were to be treated as brothers/sisters, they will not conspire against him as he estbalishes himself in Madina
622
Beginning of the Islamic calendarFirst Islamic state was created under MuhammadFirst mosque was built in MadinaHijra - “immigration” Muslims went from Makka to Madina
624
Makkan caravan travels from Syria to Makka Muslims in Madina decide to close the water wellsBattle of Badr came about, Muslims won. (Month of Ramadam)
625
Makkans prepared for Battle of Uhud (hills), Makkans won
627
Makkans return to fight Muslims, Muhammad dug ditches so they could not enterBattle of Khandaq (Battle of Ditches) had not victor
628
Muhammad decided to charge in MakkaMakkans and Muhammad negotiated on a treaty, Al-HudaibiyyaMuhammad was allowed to come back in a year, Makkan leaders would leave for that time, 10 year truce against war/fighting
629
Muhammad returned to Makka for few days (pilgrimage to Makka)Truce was violated, Muslims were captured
630
Muhammad + army charged into Makka to capture the cityLeaders gave him key to city without any fightingMuhammad destroyed all 360 pagan idolsMuhammad declared all people equal, only piety could determine higher
632
Death of MuhammadAbu Bakr - first Khalifa (successor) (632-634)
634
Death of Abu BakrUmar Ibn al-Khattab, second Khalifa (634-644)Amr Ibn al-Ass; military general, conquered Egypt under Umar
Umar Ibn al-Khattab
second Khalifa (634-644)Pagan-turned MuslimExpanded the Islamic State to include Persia, Iraq, Egypt, Syria, etc.
639
Umar declared 622 the beginning of the Islamic calendar
644
Death of UmarCommittee consulted: Uthman Ibn Affan, 3rd Khalifa (644-656)
Uthman Ibn Affan
3rd Khalifa (644-656)Married two of Muhammad’s daughters: “Father of Two Lights”Compiled the QuranKnown for his unfairness, nepotism Murdered by Muslims in 656 because he was unfair
656
Death of Uthman, murdered by Muslims due to his unfairnessAli (Muhammad’s cousin) 4th Khalifa (656-661)1st 4 Khalifas: “Rightly guided Khalifas” (they knew Muhammad)Battle of the Camel - Ali vs. AishaAli wanted to appoint new governors Mu’awiya (Governor of Syria) refused to step down because he did not know who killed Uthman
657
Ali went to war with Mu’awiya, Battle of Siffin (Syira)
Battle of Siffin
Ali went to war with Mu’awiya. Mu’awiya’s troops raised copies of Quran for peace. Ali was forced to stop fighting. Amr, advisor of Mu’awiya, came up with the idea. Ali chose to have arbitration, Abu Musa was his arbitrator. Amr and Abu Musa said both were not fit to rule, Ali or Mu’awiya
Kharijites
“those who separated,” wanted to kill Ali, Amr, Mu’awiyaBelieved human beings had the right to judge actionsKhalifa did not need to be Muhammad’s blood, or Arab, or man
Shi’ites
Followers of Ali and Muhammad’s bloodline
Sunnis
Followers of Mu’awiya, believed rulers are to be chosen by people, Largest denomination of Islam
Murji’a
“those who postpone judgement”, cannot judge people
661
Kharijite killed Ali while he was prayingMu’awiya declares a dynasty, becomes first King of Islamic State (661-750)Ummayad DynastyCapital in Damascus Syria
750
Ummayad Dynasty overthrown because they were not pious enoughAbbasad Dynasty rules (750-1258)Capital in Baghdad, Iraq
