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Head and Neck > Root of the Neck and Anterior Triangle of the Neck > Flashcards

Root of the Neck and Anterior Triangle of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 things does the neck contain that are important for life

A

thyroid gland, trachea, jugular vein, and carotid artery

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2
Q

why are many of the neck contents vulnerable to penetrating injuries

A

they lack bony protection

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3
Q

how is the hyoid bone suspended

A

by muscles and ligaments (stylohyoid)

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4
Q

what 2 things are suspended from the hyoid bone

A

the larynx and trachea

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5
Q

what are 3 areas of muscle attachment on the mandible (on the inner surface)

A

genial tubercles, digastric fossae, and mylohyoid line

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6
Q

what are 3 areas of muscle attachment on the hyoid bone

A

greater and lesser horns and body of hyoid bone

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7
Q

what are 2 palpable landmarks on the mandible

A

mental protuberance (chin) and the angle of the mandible

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8
Q

what is a palpable landmark on the base of the skull

A

the mastoid process

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9
Q

what are 2 palpable landmarks on the hyoid bone

A

body and greater horns

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10
Q

what are 3 palpable landmarks on the larynx

A

laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple), cricothyroid membrane, and cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

what can you palpate during swallowing due to the mobility of the hyoid and larynx

A

the laryngeal prominence

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12
Q

what 3 muscles are in the lateral triangle

A

splenius capitus, levator scapulae, scalene muscles

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13
Q

what 3 vessels are in the lateral triangle

A

subclavian artery, external jugular vein and thyrocervial trunk (transverse cervical artery, dorsal scapular and suprascapular branches)

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14
Q

what 3 nerves are in the lateral triangle

A

spinal accessory nerve (11), brachial plexus, superficial branches of cervical plexus

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15
Q

what type of innervation do the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles receive

A

general efferents from the spinal accessory nerve (11)

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16
Q

what does the sternocleidomastoid divide the neck into

A

two triangles: lateral or posterior triangle and anterior triangle

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17
Q

where is the lateral/posterior triangle located

A

posterior to SCM, anterior to the trapezius muscle and superior to the middle part of the clavicle

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18
Q

where is the anterior triangle located

A

anterior to SCM, inferior to the inferior border of the mandible and lateral to the midline of the neck

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19
Q

what muscles are associated with the anterior triangle

A

the muscles that are associated with the hyoid bone

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20
Q

Name 5 glands and viscera that are associated with the anterior triangle

A

thyroid, parathyroid, larynx, trachea and esophagus

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21
Q

what vessels are associated with the anterior triangle

A

the great vessels (internal and external jugular veins and carotid arteries)

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22
Q

what nerves are associated with the anterior triangle

A

spinal and cranial nerves

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23
Q

how many smaller triangles make up the anterior triangle and what are they

A

4: submandibular triangle, submental triangle, muscular triangle, and carotid triangle

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24
Q

what 2 muscles subdivide the anterior triangle into smaller triangles

A

the anterior belly of the omohyoid and the digastric muscle (anterior and posterior bellies)

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25
what are the muscles in the root of the neck
sternocleidomastoid (SCM), trapezius and scalene muscles
26
What does the root of the neck have
structures passing between the neck, thorax, and upper limb
27
Besides the structures passing through the root of the neck, what else projects into it
superior parts of the lungs
28
what are the arteries in the root of the neck
branches of subclavian arteries (vertebral artery, inferior thyroid artery and its ascending cervical branch, and the deep cervical artery)
29
what are the veins in the root of the neck
tributaries to the subclavian veins (only know internal and external jugular veins)
30
what nerves are in the root of the neck
phrenic and vagus nerves, the cervical parts of the sympathetic chains and the brachial plexus
31
where is the thoracic duct in the root of the neck
(major lymph channel from the abdomen)- passes through the root of the neck from the thorax on its way to the junction between left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein
32
what are the 2 types of muscles in the neck
suprahyoid and infrahyoid (strap) muscles
33
where are the 4 suprahyoid muscles located
in the submental and submandibular triangles
34
where are the 4 infrahyoid (strap) muscles located
in the muscular triangles
35
what action do the suprahyoid muscles do
raise the hyoid bone or depress the mandible
36
what action do the infrahyoid (strap) muscles do
depress hyoid bone
37
what innervates the suprahyoid muscles
nerve to mylohyoid (V3) and facial nerve
38
what innervates the infrahyoid (strap) muscles
ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus) except thyrohyoid muscle (nerve to thyrohyoid)
39
what are the 4 suprahyoid muscles
digastric- anterior and posterior belly, stylohyoid and mylohyoid muscles
40
what are the 4 infrahyoid (strap) muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thryohyoid
41
where is the mylohyoid muscle
forms the floor of the mouth
42
what innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohoid muscle
general efferents from the mandibular nerve (V3) via nerve to mylohyoid
43
what innervates the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles
general efferents from the facial nerve
44
what triangle is the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle in
the anterior triangle
45
what triangle is the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle in
the lateral triangle
46
what are the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid muscles deep to
the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle and the sternohyoid muscle
47
what innervates the thyrohyoid muscles
general efferents from C1 that hitchhike on the hypoglossal nerve (12)
48
where is the cervical plexus located
ventral rami of C1-4 (mainly C2-4)
49
what are the 4 parts of the cervical plexus (superficial to deep)
cutaneous branches, ansa cervicalis, deep muscular branches, and phrenic nerve
50
where is the cutaneous branch located
C2-4
51
where is the ansa cervicalis located
C1-3 (GE branches go to infrahyoid strap muscles)
52
where is the deep muscular branch located
C1-4, general efferents to deep neck muscles
53
where is the phrenic nerve located
C3-5 (overlaps the brachial plexus)
54
what does the cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus carry
general afferents from the skin of the neck
55
what does the deep muscular branch of the cervical plexus carry
innervate the deep cervical muscles including the rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus colli and longus capitis muscles
56
what does the phrenic nerve of the cervical plexus carry
innervates the diaphragm
57
where does the vagus nerve exit the cranial cavity
through the jugular foramen between glossopharyngeal (9) and accessory (11) nerves
58
where does the vagus nerve go once it has exited the cranial cavity
enters the carotid sheath and descends through the neck behind the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid and common carotid arteries
59
what are the 3 branches off the vagus nerve that monitor partial pressures of oxygen in the blood
pharyngeal, laryngreal, and cardiac
60
what are the 4 cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus (superficial nerves)
transverse cervical nerves (C2-3), supraclavicular nerves (C3-4), great auricular nerves (C2-3), and lesser occipital nerves (C2-3)
61
where is the superior root of the ansa cervicalis
branches from C1 travel with the hypoglossal nerve (12) and then descend to meet the inferior root on the anterior surface of the carotid sheath
62
where is the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis
C2-3, descends either medial or lateral to internal jugular vein before turning medially to join the superior root
63
where does the hypoglossal nerve (12) leave the cranial cavity
through the hypoglossal canal- medial to the internal carotid, passes between internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery
64
where does the spinal accessory nerve (11) leave the cranial cavity
jugular foramen and supplies general efferents to the SCM and trapezius muscles
65
what rami does the superior cervical ganglion pass through
C1-4
66
what rami does the middle cervical ganglion pass through
C5-6
67
what rami does the inferior cervical ganglion pass through
C7-8
68
where does the motor component of the Trigeminal nerve (V3) go to
the mylohyoid muscles
69
what are the 2 direct branches of the subclavian arteries
vertebral arteries, branches of thyrocervical trunk (inferior thyroid artery -> ascending cervical artery), and branches of the costocervical trunk (deep cervical artery)
70
where does the common carotid divide into internal and external branches
near the hyoid bone
71
what is the carotid sinus
near the bifurcation: the common carotid artery and the beginning of the internal carotid artery are dilated
72
what does the carotid sinus contain
barorescptors that monitor changes in blood pressure
73
Where is the carotid body and what does it do
near the carotid sinus, contains chemorescptors that monitor the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in the body
74
what is carotid artery stenosis
narrowing of the common, internal or external carotid arteries
75
what are 3 causes of a carotid artery stenosis
coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial stenosis, and hypertension
76
what are 3 symptoms of carotid artery stenosis
TIA, artery bruits, and tinnitis
77
what are 4 treatments for carotid artery stenosis
drugs, reduction of risk factors, endarterectomy, and stents
78
what are 3 complications of carotid artery stenosis
stroke, myocardial infarction, and death
79
is the plaque stable in carotid artery stenosis
yes and it will be asymptomatic or it can embolize and send small pieces to the brain
80
what are the 3 pulse points in the neck region
external carotid artery, superficial temporal artery, and facial artery
81
what forms the tributary of the external jugular vein
the union of the posterior auricular vein and the posterior division of the retromandibular vein
82
what are the 6 tributaries of the internal jugular vein
common facial vein, superior thyroid vein, middle thyroid vein, lingual vein, pharyngeal plexus, and occipital veins
83
what is the tributaries of the brachiocephalic veins
inferior thyroid vein
84
what are the 2 tributaries of the external jugular vein
anterior jugular vein and indirectly the communicating vein (facial and anterior division of retromandibular)
85
what type of gland is the thyroid gland
endocrine (ductless, hormone-secreting) *largest endocrine gland in body
86
where is the thyroid gland
deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles from C5-T1
87
what does the thyroid gland secrete
thyroxine (for regulation of metabolism by converting iodine)
88
what are the 4 parts of the thyroid gland
2 lateral lobes, connected by Isthmus and a pyramidal lobe
89
what surrounds the thyroid gland
a tough, fibrous sheath
90
where does the thyroid develop from
from the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue at the foramen cecum
91
what are parathyroid glands
endocrine glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid
92
how many parathyroid glands are ther
usually 2 superior and 2 inferior
93
what do the parathyroid glands secrete
parathyroid hormone involved in calcium metabolism
94
what is the blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands
external carotid -> superior thyroid artery | thyrocervical trunk -> inferior thyroid artery
95
what are the veins that drain the thyroid and the parathyroid
superior and middle thyroid veins -> internal jugular vein | inferior thyroid vein -> brachiocephalic vein
96
what does 10% of the population have in addition to the normal blood supply to the thyroid
thyroid ima artery (may arise from brachiocephalic trunk, aorta, right common carotid, subclavian or internal thoracic artery)
97
what is the innervation to the thyroid and parathyroid glands
visceral efferents only from sympathetics: from superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia (constrict the blood vessels)
98
what regulates the secretions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
pituitary glands
99
what is a thyroglossal duct cyst
the duct usually disappears early in development but remnants may persist as a cyst- usually excised with central part of hyoid bone
100
what is a goiter
diffuse, irregular enlargement of the thyroid gland not related to neoplasm or swelling
101
what causes a goiter
iodine insufficiency
102
what can a goiter compess
trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerves
103
what are 3 complications of thyroid surgery
post-op bleeding, damage to recurrent or external laryngeal nerves, and inadvertent removal of parathyroids
104
what symptoms occur with damage to the recurrent or external laryngeal nerves
unilateral = hoarseness after surgery, bilateral= aphonia and/or laryngeal spasm
105
what is tetany
severe convulsions: results if the parathyroid glands are removed and there is a decline in calcium levels

Head and Neck (10 decks)

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