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Head and Neck > Brain and Meninges > Flashcards

Brain and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

where is the danger area on the scalp

A

the loose areolar tissue layer

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2
Q

what is the dura mater

A

tough outer covering of the brain: periosteal and meningeal layers

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3
Q

what is the arachnoid mater

A

thin, avascular membrane, enters the longitudinal fissure (between cerebral hemispheres)

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4
Q

what is the pia mater

A

thin, delicate membrane, closely invests surface of the brain and roots of the cranial nerves

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5
Q

what are the arachnoid granulations

A

small projections of arachnoid mater through the dura mater to drain CSF

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6
Q

what is the vasculature and innervation to the dura mater

A

primarily the trigeminal nerve (general afferents) and the middle meningeal artery

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7
Q

what are the leptomeninges

A

the thin meninges (pia and arachnoid)

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8
Q

where are the trabeculae

A

they extend downward from the arachnoid and become continuous with the pia mater

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9
Q

what is the only real space within the meninges

A

the subarachnoid space (CSF and blood vessels fills the space)

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10
Q

what is meningitis

A

infection of the leptomeninges, usually viral but also bacterial and fungal (route is usually blood borne- or direct trauma, ear or sinus infection)

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11
Q

What are the 5 early and 3 later symptoms of meningitis

A

early: headache, fever, drowsiness, nausea, stiff neck
later: photophobia, ecchymosis (rash), and seizures

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12
Q

what is the treatment for meningitis

A

antibiotics for bacterial type

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13
Q

what are some complications of meningitis

A

brain damage, hearing loss, death in severe bacterial infections

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14
Q

what are diploic veins

A

they drain the diploic space (veins in the middle of the skull)

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15
Q

what causes a extradural or epidural hemorrhage

A

middle meningeal artery- usually a blow at the pterion (least common type but recovery is high)

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16
Q

what causes a subdural hemorrhage

A

bridging veins- usually child abuse (shaken baby) or falls in the elderly. symptoms can be slow to appear and likelihood of recovery is lower

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17
Q

what causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

cerebral artery- usually a ruptured aneurysm, thunderclap headache, can be rapidly fatal but emergent intervention can lead to a complete recovery

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18
Q

what are the 3 dural partitions

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and diaphragma selli (on sella turcica)

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19
Q

what are dural partitions and their function(s)

A

projections of meningeal layer of dura mater into the cranial cavity, support/protect/insulate the brain, and provide pathways for venous drainage

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20
Q

what happens in the telencephalon/cerebrum

A

speech, language, thought, emotion, interprets visual and spatial information (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes)

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21
Q

what happens in the cerebellum

A

coordinates muscle movement and controls balance

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22
Q

what happens in the brain stem (mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata)

A

reflexes and crucial, basic life functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)

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23
Q

what happens in the diencephalon (thalamus, and hypothalamus)

A

relay information to appropriate brain centers for processing, control pituitary hormones

24
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland

A

the hypophysis

25
Q

how many pairs of true cranial nerves are there

A

10- from the brain stem

26
Q

which 2 cranial nerves are not “true” cranial nerves

A

1 and 2: they are CNS projections covered by meninges

27
Q

where does CN 1 originate from

A

the cerebrum

28
Q

where does CN 2 originate from

A

diencephalon

29
Q

what do the vertebral arteries supply

A

the brainstem, cerebellum and posterior part of the cerebrum

30
Q

what do the internal carotid arteries supply

A

most of the cerebrum and diencephalon

31
Q

where do the vertebral arteries come from and go

A

branch of subclavian arteries, pass through intervertebral foramina C1-6, enter cranial cavity through foramen magnum and form basilar artery

32
Q

where do the internal carotid arteries come from and go

A

arise at bifurcation of common carotid artery in neck, enter cranial cavity through carotid canals, pass medially then forward through cavernous sinus,

33
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

internal carotid and basilar arteries are joined in anastomotic circle by the posterior communicating arteries and the anterior communicating arteries

34
Q

what is an intracerebral hemorrhage

A

rupture of an artery within the brain

35
Q

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

rupture of an artery at the surface of the brain

36
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

vessels with a defect, there are no symptoms of an aneurysm until it ruptures

37
Q

what are symptoms of a ruptured intracranial vessel

A

thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, and vomiting

38
Q

what are the treatments for a ruptured intracranial vessel

A

control intracranial pressure; surgery to ligate the artery if it is accessible; endovascular procedure for deeper ruptures

39
Q

what is a cerebrovascular accident

A

medical term for a stroke

40
Q

what is a less common type of a cerebrovascular accident

A

a ruptured intracranial vessel

41
Q

what is a more common type of a cerebrovascular accident

A

a blocked cerebral vessel (70-80%)

42
Q

what is a cerebral thrombosis

A

clot forms within the brain, usually because of atherosclerosis of cerebral artery

43
Q

what is a cerebral embolism

A

clot travels from elsewhere, usually from atherosclerosis of carotid bifurcation or atrial fibrillation

44
Q

what are some symptoms of a blocked cerebral vessel

A

onset sudden and severe for an embolism, more gradual for a thrombosis: blurry or decreased vision, severe headache, weakness, numbness or paralysis (usually one side of body), dizziness, loss of balance or coordination

45
Q

what is a treatment for a blocked cerebral vessel

A

clot-busting therapy

46
Q

what are 3 foramens that emissary veins exit the skull

A

parietal foramen, occipital foramen and mastoid foramen

47
Q

what happens if the internal carotid artery ruptures in the cavernous sinus

A

there is an anterio-venous fistula

48
Q

where is the CSF produced

A

in the choroid plexus (all ventricles)

49
Q

where does the CSF circulate

A

in the subarachnoid space

50
Q

how is the CSF returned to the venous system

A

through the arachnoid granulations

51
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

increase in CSF, usually from partial obstruction of flow or decreased absorption related to inflammation or bleeding within ventriclesputs pressure on the brain

52
Q

what can cause infants to have hydrocephalus (3)

A

premature birth, infection during pregnancy, abnormal development of CNS

53
Q

what are the symptoms of infant hydrocephalus

A

unusually large head, bulging fontanelle, eyes fixated downward, sleepiness, poor feeding

54
Q

when do kids and adults get hydrocephalus

A

lesions, tumors, meningitis, mumps, stroke, trauma

55
Q

what are the symptoms of hydrocephalus in kids and adults

A

headache, impaired vision, loss of balance, sleepiness, and cognitive decline

56
Q

what is the treatment for hydrocephalus

A

shunt from ventricle to abdomen or heart, ventriculostomy

57
Q

What branches does the internal carotid give off as it makes its way to the cavernous sinus

A

posterior communicating arteries, middle and anterior cerebral arteries

Head and Neck (10 decks)

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