Root of the neck

Question 1

Boundaries of the root of the neck

Answer 1

Anterior: The manubrium of the sternum

lateral: The first ribs
posterior: vertebra T1

Question 2

what part of the thoracic cavity in in the root of the neck?

Answer 2

The pleural cavities and the apical portion of the lungs

Question 3

What lies posterior to the first part of the subclavian arteries?

Answer 3

The cervical pleurae, apices of the lung, and the sympathetic trunk

Question 4

Origin of the subclavian artery.(right and left)

Answer 4

Right originates as a terminal branch of the Brachiocephalic trunk
Left is a direct branch off the arch of the aorta

Question 5

Location of the subclavian.

Answer 5

Pass anterior to the pleural cavity

lie posteriorly to the anterior scalene muscle

Question 6

what do the subclavian arteries become after passing the first rib

Answer 6

The axillary arteries

Question 7

What are the subdivisions of the subclavian artery and divides it?

Answer 7

The first(medial), second(posterior) and the third( lateral)
This is due/relative to the anterior scalene muscle

Question 8

what are the branches off the first part of the subclavian artery?

Answer 8

Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and the thyrocervical trunk

Question 9

What are the branches off the second and third part of the subclavian artery?

Answer 9

Second part: Costocervical trunk

Third part: Dorsal scapular artery

Question 10

What is the path that the vertebral artery travels?

Answer 10

Ascends into the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae and enters the foramen magnum

Question 11

What is the path that the internal thoracic artery travels?

Answer 11

Runs inferiorly through the thoracic inlet and parallel to the body of the sternum descending on the internal aspect of the anterior chest wall

Question 12

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

Answer 12

one thyroid and two cervical branches.

• Suprascapular artery
• Transverse cervical artery
• Inferior thyroid artery

Question 13

What is the path that the suprascapular artery travels?

Answer 13

It crosses the anterior scalene, enters the posterior triangle, and passes posteriorly to the suprascapular region of the back

Question 14

What is the path that the transverse cervical artery travels?

Answer 14

Crosses the scalenus anterior(aka anterior scalene) to enter the posterior triangle to supply lateral structures of the neck

Question 15

What is the path that the inferior thyroid artery travels?

Answer 15

Ascends in the neck and arches medially and downward to enter and supply the inferior portion of the thyroid gland.
———–a large muscular branch off of this is the ascending cervical artery which goes straight up

Question 16

Costocervical trunk branches and where the go

Answer 16

the deep cervical artery supplies the muscles of the root of the neck
The supreme intercostal artery goes to the upper two intercostal spaces

Question 17

What is the path that the dorsal scapular artery travels?

Answer 17

passes laterally by the trunks of the brachial plexus anterior to the middle scalene, then runs deep to the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles, supplying both and participating in the arterial anastomoses around the scapula

Question 18

What forms the subclavian vein and where does it happen?

Answer 18

The axillary vein becomes the subclavian at the lateral border of the first rib, anterior to the attachment of the anterior scalene muscle

Question 19

What are the tributaries that the subclavian receives?

Answer 19

• external jugular vein
• vertebral vein
• internal thoracic vein

Question 20

Which parts of the subclavian do the phrenic nerves run by?

Answer 20

The left crosses anterior to the first part of the subclavian artery
The right lies on the anterior to the second part of the subclavian artery
Both sides they run posterior to the subclavian vein and anterior to the internal thoracic artery as it enters the thorax.

Question 21

The path/branch of the right vagus nerve>

Answer 21

Crosses anterior to the right subclavian artery and gives off the right laryngeal recurrent nerve

Question 22

The path/branch of the left vagus nerve>

Answer 22

Passes anterior to the arch of the aorta and gives off the left recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes interior then posterior to the arch of the aorta

Question 23

Where is the location of the sympathetic trunk in the neck?

Answer 23

It is outside and posterior to the carotid artery

Question 24

Describe the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk(in the neck)

Answer 24

They consist of eight sympatheic ganglia that coalesce as three major swellings

Question 25

List the three major swellings oft he sympathetic trunk

Answer 25

- Inferior cervical ganglion - middle cervical ganglion - superior cervical ganglion

Question 26

Location of the Inferior cervical ganglion

Answer 26

Just above the subclavian artery

Question 27

Location of the middle cervical ganglion

Answer 27

At vertebral level C6 opposite of the cricoid cartilage

Question 28

Location of the superior cervical ganglion

Answer 28

Long fusiform ganglion about 2-3 cm long from C1-C2/C3

Question 29

Stellate ganglion

Answer 29

When the inferior cervical ganglion fuses with the ganglion at T1

Question 30

Describe the fascia of the neck and its main layers?

Answer 30

Connective tissue compartmentalizing the structures of the neck - -Superficial fascia - -Deep fascia

Question 31

Superficial cervical fascia

Answer 31

A thin layer of subcutaneous connective tissue between the dermis and the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia. -Contains cutaneous nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, superficial lymph nodes, and variable amounts of fat, anterolaterally it contains the platysma muscle.

Question 32

What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia

Answer 32

Investing, pretracheal, and the prevertebral

Question 33

Investing layer of deep fascia(describe)

Answer 33

Most superficial layer of the deep fascia. Surrounds entire neck deep to the skin and superficial cervical fascia. Splits and encloses(invests) the trapezius and the SCM.

Question 34

Suprasternal space

Answer 34

The space formed between the two layers of the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia that cover the sternum.

Question 35

Pretracheal layer(general description)

Answer 35

A thin layer of the deep cervical fascia in the anterior layer of the neck. extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone into the thorax and blends in with the fibrous pericardium

Question 36

Pretracheal layer(layers and what is enclosed)

Answer 36

Muscular layer: encloses the infrahyoid muscles | Visceral layer: encloses the thyroid gland and trachea

Question 37

Buccopharyngeal fascia

Answer 37

Thin, posterior lamina of the pretracheal fascia that separates the esophagus from the prevertebral fascia

Question 38

prevertebral fascia

Answer 38

Encloses the scalenes, deep back ms., vertebrae. | anterior portion attaches to the anterior tubercle of the vertebrae.

Question 39

Alar fascia

Answer 39

The anterior layer of the split prevertebral fascia, deep to the buccopharyngeal fascia.

Question 40

Carotid sheath(general description)

Answer 40

Tubular investment from the base of the skull to the to the root of the neck. blends in with the investing and pretracheal layers of the fascia(anteriorly) and the prevertebral fascia (posteriorly)

Question 41

Carotid sheath(contents)

Answer 41

- Common and internal carotid arteries - IJV - Vagus nerve(CN X) - Deep cervical lymph nodes - Carotid sinus nerve - Sympathetic nerve fibers (or the carotid periarterial plexuses)

Question 42

Which fascias communicate with the mediastinum of the thorax and cranial cavity?

Answer 42

The carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia. | Giving potential for spread of infection and blood

Question 43

Retropharyngeal space(Location and boundaries)

Answer 43

``` Anterior: buccopharyngeal fascia(visceral) Posterior: Alar(prevertebral) fascia Lateral: carotid sheath Superior: base of skull Inferior: Mediastinum ```

Question 44

Parapharygeal space(borders)

Answer 44

aka lateral pharyngeal space - superior: skull - inferior:hyoid bone - lateral: medial pterygoid muscle(in the head) or the SCM(in the neck) - medial and anterior borders: superior constrictor(head) and buccopharygeal fascia posterior: alar fascia dn carotid sheath

Question 45

prevertebral space

Answer 45

between the alar fascia and the prevertebral fascia | Danger zone due to the fact it is continuous with the skull and the thorax