Roofing Flashcards
1
Q
You inspect a 4-year-old asphalt shingle roof. It seems well insulated and the attic is properly ventilated. Roughly 25 percent of shingles show irregular cracks and bubbles in the surface. You report:
a. the shingles are suffering freeze-thaw damage
b. there has been excessive foot traffic on the roof
c. this is a common cosmetic condition that does not affect performance or life expectancy
d. there is a possible manufacturing defect and life expectancy may be shortened
e. this is a result of expansion and contraction of waferboard sheathing as a result of changes in humidity
A
D
2
Q
Which of the following is a dead load on the roof structure of the house?
a. rain
b. snow
c. wind
d. a person walking on the roof
e. shingles
A
E
3
Q
Which factor should have the least influence on the longevity of a roof?
a. exposure to ultraviolet light
b. ventilation
c. use of staples versus nails
d. pitch
e. exposure to wind
A
C
4
Q
Low-slope is a possible problem with all these materials EXCEPT
a. asphalt shingles.
b. wood shakes.
c. roll roofing
d. fiber cement shingles.
A
c. Roll roofing can be installed on a flat roof. All of the other materials listed need to be on a sloped roof.
5
Q
Which cedar shingle is most rot resistant?
a. one on a north exposure of a 5 in 12 roof
b. one on a shaded south exposure of a 4 in 12 roof
c. one on a low-sloped roof
d. one in the path of a downspout discharging from a higher roof
e. one on a 12 in 12 roof
A
E
6
Q
When looking for a sagging roof, it is usually easiest to see this
a. from a ladder at the edge of the roof
b. while standing on the roof
c. from the underside in the attic
d. standing back from a distance
e. from an aerial photograph
A
D
7
Q
The following materials are all brittle EXCEPT
a. wood.
b. slate.
c. roll roofing.
d. clay.
A
c. Roll roofing is not brittle. All of the other materials on this list are brittle.
8
Q
When describing roofing materials in a report, which of the following terms are most likely to get you in trouble?
a. asphalt
b. single-ply
c. metal
d. modified bitumen
e. fiber cement
A
D
9
Q
The typical exposure for a 3-tab conventional asphalt shingle is approximately
a. 5 inches
b. 6 inches
c. 11 inches
d. 12 inches
e. 15 inches
A
A
10
Q
The most effective material for ice damming eave protection is
a. modified bitumen
b. roofing felt
c. roll roofing
d. metal
e. polyethylene
A
A
11
Q
The most common base material for an asphalt shingle today is
a. bitument bedding
b. fiberglass mat
c. cotton rag
d. organic felt
e. carbon-based paper
A
B
12
Q
The granules on a shingle do NOT contribute to the shingle’s
a. ultraviolet protection
b. strength
c. color
d. weight
e. fire resistance
A
B
13
Q
The following materials are brittle EXCEPT
a. wood
b. slate
c. metal
d. fiber cement
e. clay
A
C
14
Q
Roof perform all of the following functions EXCEPT
a. providing insulation
b. making an architectural statement
c. supporting mechanical equipment
d. shielding against hail
e. protect from fire
A
A
15
Q
Most damage from ice damming is the result of
a. the ice expanding and affecting the roof structure
b. the weight of the ice tearing off the gutters
c. the weight of the ice harming the roof structure
d. water backing up under the shingles
e. ice blocking the roof ventilation
A
D
16
Q
In a wind prone area, the roof with the most wind damage is probably the one
a. with the lowest slope
b. that was re-shingled in cold weather
c. with the fewest nails
d. with two layers of shingles
e. with no underlayment
A
B
17
Q
Head lap refers to the
a. position of self-sealing strip above the cutouts
b. overhang of the shingles at the eave and the rake
c. overhang of the shingles at the gable
d. amount of shingle exposure at the ridge
e. amount of shingles covering the shingle two rows below
A
E
18
Q
Fiber-cement shingles
a. are flexible like asphalt shingles
b. don’t last as long as asphalt shingles
c. are a health hazard and should be removed because of their asbestos content
d. are typically installed on battens
e. are lighter than clay
A
E
19
Q
Eave protection or an ice barrier would most likely be found on houses in _____ part of north america
a. the northern
b. the eastern
c. the southern
d. the western
e. any
A
A
20
Q
Chimneys in valleys, changes in materials, complex flashings and patched areas are all
a. potential defects
b. faults
c. vulnerable areas
d. poor design
e. specialized zones
A
C
21
Q
Any of the following are signs of a possible ice damming problem EXCEPT
a. large icicles
b. snow guards
c. roof heating cables
d. damaged roofing at the lower edge
e. siding stains running down the soffit/wall intersection
A
B
22
Q
An ice dam would most likely occur on a house with
a. R24 insulation, low slope, dark shingles and no roof ventilation
b. R40 insulation, steep slope, light shingles and eave protection
c. R50 insulation, steep slope, dark shingles and a long overhanging soffit
d. R32 insulation, steep slope, light shingles, and bath fans vented in the attic
e. R40 insulation, low slope, dark shingles and a short overhanging soffit
A
A
23
Q
All of the following are implications of multiple layers of roofing EXCEPT
a. increased weight, which may result in possible deflection
b. flashings not replaced, which may become a weak area
c. sheathing strength weakened by additional nails
d. shingles not drying as quickly, leading to accelerated deterioration
e. wind damage more likely if nails too short to penetrate sheathing
A
C
24
Q
Which material has the shortest life expectancy?
a. Concrete
b. Fiber cement
c. Slate
d. Roll Roofing
A
d. Roll roofing has the shortest life expectancy of the common roofing materials.
25
Which material commonly imitates clay?
a. Asphalt shingle
b. Roll roofing
c. Slate
d. Concrete
d. Concrete tiles commonly imitate slate tiles.
26
Ice dams are most likely on roofs
a. with asphalt shingles
b. with low slopes and wide overhangs
c. with low slopes and small overhangs
d. with steep slopes and small overhangs.
e. with steep slopes and wide overhangs
b. Ice dams are common on roofs with low slopes and wide overhangs.
27
Patches on roofs almost always indicate
a. good maintenance
b. prior leakage
c. poor installation
d. multiple layers and roofs
b. Patches on roofs almost always indicate prior leakage.
28
Multiple layers of roofing are most common with
a. clay.
b. slate.
c. wood.
d. asphalt shingles.
d. Multiple layers of roofing are most common with asphalt shingles.
29
A low-slope asphalt shingle application can go down to a slope of
a. 6-in-12.
b. 5-in-12.
c. 4-in-12.
d. 2-in12.
d. A low-sloped shingle application can go down to a slope as low as 2-in-12.
30
Common failure modes for asphalt shingles include all of these EXCEPT
a. spalling
b. blisters.
c. loss of granules.
d. cupping or clawing.
e. cracking
a. Spalling is not a failure mode for asphalt shingles.
31
As asphalt shingles get close to the end of their life, the slots (keyways) between shingle tabs
a. lengthen.
b. narrow.
c. widen.
d. disappear.
e. shorten
c. The slots between asphalt shingles get wider as the shingles get closer to the end of their life.
32
New shingles applied in cold weather may be prone to
a. breaking, because they are brittle.
b. blistering when they warm, because of thermal shock.
c. tabs tearing off, because sealing strips don't hold.
d. surface cracking, because of organic felt shrinkage.
e. curling (cupping) because of differential drying of the front and back
c. Asphalt shingles applied in cold weather may be prone to tabs tearing off because the sealing strips don't hold.
33
Roofing problems are most common
a. at the caves.
b. at the ridges.
c. above bathrooms and kitchens.
d. at flashings and roof penetrations.
d. Roofing problems are most common at fastenings and roof penetrations.
34
Two layers of asphalt shingle roofing material
a. are good, because they provide double protection against leaks.
b. may result in a shorter life for the second layer of shingles.
c. improve attic insulation
d. are not permitted due to the extra load on the roof structure.
b. Two layers of shingles may result in a shorter life for the second layer.
35
These are all common wood roof problems EXCEPT
a. slots that are too wide.
b. splitting.
c. rot.
d. burn-through.
a. Slots being too wide is not a common problem on wood floors.
36
On which roof is interlay (or interlayment) most likely to be found?
a. asphalt shingle.
b. wood shingle.
c. wood shake.
d. clay.
c. Interlayment is typically found on wood shakes.
37
No. 1 Blue-grade wood shingles are
a. 100 percent edge-grain.
b. 100 percent heartwood.
c. free from knots (100 percent clear).
d. All of the above.
d. Number 1 blue-grade shingles are 100 percent edge-grain, 100 percent heartwood, and 100 percent clear.
38
The problem with butting adjacent wood shingles too closely together is that
a. attic ventilation is reduced.
b. shingle drying is slowed.
c. leakage is more likely.
d. the shingles may buckle when wet.
d. If wood shingles are butted too tightly together, they may buckle when wet.
39
Flat-grain wood shingles
a. are superior quality.
b. are found only on No. 3 Black grade shingles.
c. can be identified by a flame pattern.
d are more resistant to cupping and curling than edge-grain shingles.
c. Flat-grain wood shingles can be identified by a flame pattern.
40
Moss on a wood roof
a. should never be removed.
b. provides additional protection from ultraviolet light.
c. helps to insulate the wood from thermal shock.
d. holds water against the wood, promoting rot.
d. Moss on a wood roof holds water against the roof, promoting rot.
41
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid wood shingle roof, how many shingles would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
c. In a wood shingle roof, you would typically go through 3 layers of shingles.
42
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid slate roof, how many slates would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
b. On a slate roof you would typically go through 2 layers of slate.
43
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid Spanish-style clay roof, how many tiles would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
a. On a Spanish-style clay roof you would typically go through 1 layer of tile.
44
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid, shingle-style flat clay roof, how many tiles would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
b. On a shingle-style flat clay roof you would typically go through 2 layers of tile.
45
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid, flat interlocking tile roof (concrete or clay), how many tiles would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
a. On a flat interlocking tile roof you would typically go through 1 layer.
46
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid, fiber cement roof, how many shingles would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
A
47
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid, wood shake roof, how many shakes would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
b. On a wood shake roof you would typically go through 2 layers of wood.
48
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid, metal shingle roof, how many shingles would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
a. On a metal roof you would typically go through 1 layer of metal.
49
If you drilled a hole through a properly laid, roll roofing installation, how many layers would you go through?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
B
50
All of these are common slate failure modes EXCEPT
a. curling.
b. breakage.
c. delaminating.
d. getting soft or crumbly.
a. Curling is not a failure mode for slate.
51
Slate roofing is all of these EXCEPT
a. very expensive.
b. nailed in place.
c. lain over 30-pound felt underlay.
d. properly repaired with tar.
d. Slate roofing should not be repaired with tar.
52
Dormer flashings may include all of the following EXCEPT
a. stack flashings.
b. ridge flashings.
c. valley flashings.
d. roof/sidewall flashings.
a. Dormer flashings are very different from stack flashings. Stack flashings surround piples.
53
Clay tile roofs are effective shedding-style roofs by themselves under what circumstances?
a. Never-a watertight membrane below is always needed.
b. On low-slope roofs only (less than 4-in-12)
c. On steep-slope roofs only (more than 4-in-12)
d. Only if glazed tile is used.
c. Clay tile roofs are effective shedding systems only if the slope is more than 4-in-12.
54
Concrete tiles may be secured to the roof with any of these EXCEPT
a. nails
b. staples.
c. clips
d. battens.
b. Staples cannot be used to fasten concrete tiles.
55
A standing seam is found on
a. a wood roof.
b. a metal roof.
c. a slate roof.
d. a fiber cement roof.
b. A standing seam can be found on a metal roof.
56
Ice dam evidence includes everything listed here EXCEPT
a. electric heating cables.
b. siding discoloration starting at the soffit.
c. water damage at interior wall/ceiling intersections.
d. water running down along rafters from peak.
d. Ice dam evidence typically does not include water running down along the rafters, because dams form at the bottom of the rafters to begin with.
57
Cutting the points applies to
a. clay.
b. concrete.
c. metal.
d. asphalt shingles.
d. Cutting the points applies to the comers of asphalt shingles at valleys.
58
Mission clay tiles
a. are lower quality than concrete tiles.
b. have top pieces and bottom pieces.
c. are always installed over a waterproof membrane.
d. are prone to splitting.
b. Mission clay tiles have top pieces and bottom pieces.
59
Roll roofing fails
a. after 20 years of life, typically.
b. if it's not cemented directly to the sheathing.
c. by cracking, buckling, or blistering.
d. if installed on slopes of less than 4-in-12.
c. Roll roofing typically fails by cracking, buckling, or blistering.
60
Metal roofing
a. cannot be installed with an overlap.
b. can never have exposed fasteners.
c. must have a slope greater than 5-in-12.
d. can be installed as shingles or sheets and panels.
d. Metal roofing can be installed as shingles or sheets and panels.
61
Which cedar shingle is most rot-resistant?
a. One on a north exposure of a 5-in-12 roof.
b. One on a low-sloped roof.
c. One in the path of a downspout discharging from a higher roof.
d. One on a 12-in-12 roof.
d. A cedar shingle roof on a 12-in-12 slope is most rot-resistant. It will tend to get rid of its water quickly.
62
The pitch of a valley in a sloped roof with a 4-in-12 pitch is approximately
a. 2-in-12.
b. 3-in-12.
c. 4-in-12.
d. 5-in-12.
b. The pitch of a valley in a 4-in-12 roof is roughly 3-in-12.
63
The valley flashings should widen at the bottom to
a. improve the aesthetics of the roof.
b. make it easier to install the shingles.
c. minimize the risk of ice damming.
d. allow for the greater accumulation of water that collects here.
d. Valley flashings should widen to allow for the greater accumulation of water near the bottom of the valley.
64
Open valley flashings made of roll roofing typically consist of
a. 2 layers, 18 inches wide and 36 inches wide.
b. 2 layers, each 18 inches wide.
c. 2 layers, 12 inches wide and 18 inches wide.
d. 3 layers, each 18 inches wide.
a. Roll roofing valley flashings are typically 2 layers, with the bottom layer being 18 inches wide and the top layer being 36 inches wide.
65
Metal valley flashings should NOT be longer than 10 feet because
a. expansion and contraction may cause buckling.
b. it would not be aesthetically pleasing.
c. longer lengths of metal are too expansive.
d. longer pieces are more difficult to handle.
a. Metal valley flashing sections should be no longer than 10 feet because the expansion and contraction may cause buckling.
66
Considerable wrinkling and tautness of EPMD and PVC roof membranes at wall intersections would typically be caused by
a. improper base flashing detail.
b. shrinkage of the membrane.
c. poor securement of fascia to roof deck.
d. lack of a proper counterflashing.
b. Wrinkling or tautness (sometimes called tenting) is typicaJly caused by membrane shrinkage.
67
The bottom cap flashing for a masonry chimney has a single piece of metal let into the mortar inches. The flashing has to be replaced joint and nailed to the shingle surface so that it won't lift up. The flashing extends over the shingle surface approximately 4 inches. No leakage is evident inside the home. You tell your client that,
a. "The chimney base flashing has been properly installed."
b. "The bottom cap flashing should extend down the shingle surface by at least six inches. The flashing has to be replaced."
c. ''This is not an ideal installation as the nail holes may leak and movement of the roof deck relative to the chimney may pull the flashing out, but it is typical and acceptable." Because the flashing hasn't been pulled yet, you recommend monitoring, rather than replacement.
d. "This is not a proper cap flashing, as a hem was not created. The flashing should be replaced."
c. This is not an ideal installation because you shouldn't be securing the flashing to both the chimney and the roof. However, it is very common, and if nothing has moved yet it would be recommended to monitor this situation rather than replace it.
68
When walking around the outside of a house, you notice efflorescence on the chimney brickwork just below the roofline. The most likely problem is
a. a blocked chimney flue.
b. the lack of a proper liner for the chimney.
c. a leaking roof flashing.
d. leaking soffits.
e. all of the above
c. The deposit on the chimney brickwork just below the roofline probably means a leaking roof flashing.
69
If a recessed area is noted in the stack flashing around the pipe, this is commonly caused by
a. structural settlement of the house.
b. settlement of the stack.
c. too many nails in the stack flashing.
d. incompatible flashing materials.
b. A low area in the stack flashing around the pipe is commonly a result of the settlement of the stack.
70
Common installation problems with stack flashings include
a. exposed or missing fasteners.
b. the top half of flange exposed above roofing material.
c. flashings being tom during installation.
d. both a and b.
d. Common installation problems with stack flashings include exposed or missing fasteners and exposure of the top half of the flange above the roofing material.
71
Apart from not providing a permanent seal, tarring over metal flashings is NOT desirable because
a. tar and metal are not compatible.
b. this may trap water and accelerate corrosion of the metal.
c. it is difficult to determine the length of the flashing.
d. it is difficult to determine if the flashing is let into masonry.
b. Putting tar on metal flashings may trap water and accelerate the rusting of the metal.
72
Concealed flashings for hips and ridges can include
a. roofing felts
b. ice and water shield.
c. mortar.
d. metal
e. All of the above
e. Concealed flashings for hip and ridge systems can include roofing felts, ice and water shield, and mortar.
73
Ridge flashings can also act as
a. venting systems.
b. rain gutters.
c. lightning protection systems.
d. structural braces
e. None of the above
a. Ridge flashings can also act as venting systems.
74
With concrete or clay tile roofs, common problems with hip and ridge flashings ,include
a. cracked or shrinking mortar.
b. rusted metal.
c. gaps in curved tile hip and ridges.
d. both a and c.
d. Common hip problems with tile roofs include cracked or shrinking mortar and gaps in curved tile pieces.
75
If the flange for a plumbing stack flashing appears to have pulled away from the roof, this would typically be caused by
a. structural settlement of the house.
b. settlement of the stack.
c. incompatible flashing materials.
d. none of the above.
a. Settlement of the house may cause the flange for the plumbing stack flashing to look like it has pulled away from the roof. Actually, the roof is dropping relative to the stack.
76
The most vulnerable areas on roofs are
a. asphalt shingle "cut-outs" or slots.
b. flashing details.
c. gable ends.
d. hips and ridges.
b. The most vulnerable areas on roofs are flashing details.
77
The preferred material for valley flashing is
a. metal.
b. heavy roofing felts.
c. ice and water shield
d. the same material as the field of the roof
a. The preferred material for valley flashing is metal.
78
The counterflashing where the top of a roof meets a wall is the
a. metal skirt that covers the flashing or roofing material below.
b. flashing that extends up from below the roofing material.
c. caulking details at the intersection of the wall surface and roofing material.
d. triangular blocking that allows the roof membrane to 45° bends rather than one 90" bend.
a. Counterflashing at a roof to wall intersection is the metal skirt that covers the flashing or roofing material below.
79
A part of a chimney flashing most prone to leakage is the part
a. protruding through the ridge of the roof.
b. adjacent to the gutters.
c. facing the high side of the roof.
d. facing the eaves.
c. A chimney flashing is most prone to leakage at the high side.
80
Solarium enclosures tend to leak
a. at the seals of the double-glazed glass.
b. where the glass roof meets the glass wall at the eave of the solarium.
c. where the glass roof meets the top of the gable wall of the solarium.
d. at the intersection of the house wall and glass roof.
d. Solarium enclosures tend to leak at the intersection of the house wall and the glass roof.
81
Common valley flashing materials include all of the following EXCEPT
a. galvanized steel.
b. roll roofing.
c. lead.
d. brass.
d. Brass is not a common valley flashing material.
82
If you can't get onto the roof, you should
a. advise your client of this limitation.
b. make an educated guess of the condition of the roof, based on the age, type, and location of the home.
c. inspect the roof with binoculars, but report the roof as worse than it looks, because you may miss something.
d. inspect the roof only from inside the attic and the interior of the home.
a. If you can't get onto the roof, you should advise your client of this limitation.
83
All flashings are
a. exposed.
b. concealed.
c. metal.
d. prone to leakage.
d. All flashings are prone to leakage.
84
Flashings are typically located at
a. valleys.
b. roof penetrations.
c. intersections with other materials.
d. All of the above
e. none of the above
d. Flashings are typically located at valleys, roof penetrations, and intersections with other materials.
85
Which of these is the most typical skylight problem?
a. Rust
b. Mechanical damage
c. Leakage
d. Cracked glazing
c. Leakage is the most typical skylight problem.
86
Mechanical damage to skylights is commonly caused by all of the following EXCEPT
a. reroofing activities.
b. building shifting.
c. snow and ice removal.
d. overhanging trees.
e. animals
b. Building shitting usually has no effect on skylights.
87
Double-glazed skylights
a. are hermetically sealed.
b. are vented.
c. will never show condensation between the panes.
d. are either a or b.
d. Double glazed skylights may be hermetically sealed or vented.
88
Which skylight is the best at resisting leakage?
a. skylights with integral curbs
b. curb-less skylights
c. flush-mounted skylights
d. skylights set on site-built curbs
d. Skylights set on site-built curbs are best at resisting leakage.
89
Skylight leakage is most commonly caused by
a. building shifting.
b. poor installation.
c. too steep a roof slope.
d. poor quality skylights.
b. Skylight leakage is most commonly caused by poor installation.
90
The most common solarium problem is
a. excess heat gain in the summer.
b. cracked glass due to normal building settlement.
c. leakage.
d. drafts.
e. excess heat loss in the winter
c. Leakage is the most common solarium problem.
91
Solarium inspections DO NOT include
a. determining whether the roof glazing is tempered.
b. checking the glass/frame joints.
c. looking for excess caulking.
d. looking for streaking inside.
a. It is unnecessary to determine whether glazing is tempered in a solarium.
92
Drip edge flashings are usually
a. metal.
b. ice and water shield.
c. installed at valleys.
d. roll roofing.
a. Drip edge flashings are usually metal.
93
The functions of drip edge flashings include all of these EXCEPT
a. protect the gutters.
b. protect the fascia.
c. direct roof runoff into gutters.
d. direct roof runoff away from the roof.
e. to protect the edge of the roof sheathing
a. Drip edge flashings do not protect gutters.
94
Drip edge flashing
a. is installed over the eave protection or underlayment.
b. cannot be aluminum.
c. has its bottom edge between the gutter and the fascia.
d. has a 45° bend in the bottom 1/2-inch.
d. Drip edge flashing typically has a 45° bend in the bottom half-inch.
95
Drip edge flashing
a. may extend roughly three inches up the roof surface.
b. may extend roughly one inch up the roof surface.
c. is always required along rakes.
d. cannot be used with eave protection.
a. Drip edge flashing may extend three or four inches up the roof surface.
96
Drip edge flashing problems include all of the following EXCEPT
a. rust.
b. copper used as a drip edge.
c. looseness.
d. flashings that are too short
b. It's just fine to use copper as a drip edge.
97
A drip edge flashing that sits proud above the roof sheathing
a. helps to prevent ice dams.
b. is found only on wood roofs.
c. may trap water on the roof, like a dam.
d. helps to better protect the roof sheathing.
c. A drip edge flashing that sits proud may trap water on the roof, like a dam.
98
Dormer flashings
a. has a valley if it's a gable dormer.
b. cannot use siding as a valley flashing.
c. are not complex.
d. should not have step (base) flashings
e. should never have the points cut
a. However, dormer flashings don't necessarily include valley flashings. Shed dormers, for example, do not have valleys.
99
Shed dormers NEVER have
a. base (step) flashings.
b. counterflashings.
c. valley flashings.
d. siding acting as counterflashing
c. Shed dormers never have valley flashings.
100
Valley flashings on dormers
a. should always be metal.
b. discharge onto the field of the roof below.
c. must have a slope greater than 6-in-12.
d. are used instead of roof/sidewall flashings.
e. are not allowed
b. Valley flashings on dormers discharge their water onto the field of the roof below.
101
The dormer siding can act as
a. counterflashing.
b. step (base) flashing.
c. valley flashing.
d. hip flashing
a. Dormer siding can act as counterflashing.
102
A standing seam roof is
a. a wood roof.
b. an asphalt shingle roof.
c. a gravel roof.
d. a metal roof.
d. A standing seam roof is a metal roof.
103
A scupper is
a. a roof-to-wall flashing.
b. movement of the flood coat.
c. a roof drain opening through a wall.
d. a drip edge made with a decorative trim detail.
e. a gravel stop
c. A scupper is a roof drain opening through a wall.
104
If a built-up roof has seams every 12 inches, how many plies are there (not including the dry-laid base)?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
b. There are three plies in a built-up roof with seams every 12 inches.
105
An inspector should not walk on a roof
a. if it could cause damage or is unsafe.
b. ever.
c. when the owner is home.
d. when it is a flat roof.
a. An inspector should not walk on a roof if it could cause damage to the roof or is unsafe.
106
What are common problems with EPDM roofs?
a. Open seams and flashings
b. Discoloration due to oil
c. Tenting
d. Cracking due to shrinkage
e. All of the above
e. Common EPDM roof problems include open seams and flashings, discoloration due to oil, and tenting.
107
The typical life of roll roofing on a flat roof is
a. 5 years.
b. 10 years.
c. 15 years.
d. 25 years.
a. Roll roofing on a flat roof typically lasts 5 years.
108
Flat roofing systems are
a. shedding systems.
b. watertight systems.
c. evaporation systems.
d. ballasted systems.
b. Most flat roofing systems are water tight systems.
109
Blisters in a built-up roof may be caused by
a. asphalt that is too cold when applied.
b. air or water trapped between the roof sheathing and the membrane.
c. air or water trapped between the plies of the membrane.
d. both b and c.
e. asphalt was troweled rather than mopped
d. Blisters in a built-up roof may be caused by air or water trapped between the sheathing and the membrane, or trapped between plies in the membrane.
110
Which conditions can contribute to slippage of a built-up roof membrane?
a. Wrong type of asphalt used
b. Too many plies
c. Asphalt too thick
d. Both a and c
e. plies layered in the wrong direction
d. The wrong type of asphalt or asphalt that is too thick may result in slippage of a built-up membrane.
111
A ponding roof is any roof that still has water on it
a. 12 hours after a rain.
b. 24 hours after a rain.
c. 36 hours after a rain.
d. 48 hours after a rain.
d. A ponding roof is any roof that still has water on it 48 hours after a rain.
112
Which of the following statements is/are true of a modified bitumen roof?
a. The seams are spaced every 12 inches and the surface has a rubbery feel
b. There is evidence of bleed-out of asphalt at the seams and the seams are spaced every 3 feet.
c. There are no exposed nails.
d. Both b and c are true.
e. the surface feels like a vinyl liner of a swimming pool and there is evident of solvent at the seams
d. Evidence of bleed out at the seams and seams spaced every three feet are common in a 1nodified bitumen roof. The absence of exposed nails is also typical of a modified bitumen roof.
113
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
a. With roll roofing, the flashings are often also made of roll roofing.
b. Modified bitumen is more flexible than roll rooting.
c. Roll roofing is another name for modified bitumen.
d. Both a and c are true
e. Roll roofing is more expensive than mod bit.
b. Mod bit is more flexible than roll roofing.
114
One of the following roof membranes feels like rubber. When you stretch it, it rebounds.
a. ABS
b. EPDM
c. PVC
d. Built-up
b. EPDM stretches and rebounds like rubber.
115
Which of the roof membranes may be damaged by oils left from a Freon leak at a roof-mounted air conditioner?
a. PVC
b. Mod bit
c. EPDM
d. roll roofing
c. EPDM can be damaged by oils.
116
Which of the following roof membranes DO NOT require a layer of field-installed gravel to protect it from the sun?
a. Built-up
b. PVC
c. Roll roofing
d. Both b and c
d. PVC roofs and roll roofing do not require additional protection from the sun. This is a bit misleading; roll roofing does require protection, but it is already built into the roofing material.
117
Which roof membrane has had shattering problems when it is cold outside?
a. PVC
b. Mod bit
c. Unprotected roll roofing
d. Built-up
a. PVC has suffered from shattering problems in cold weather.
118
The purpose of a cant strip is
a. to seal the top of a parapet counterflashing.
b. to replace a reglet as the counterflashing.
c. to make the roof membrane less likely to crack at a change in direction.
d. both a and b.
c. A cant strip makes the membrane less likely to crack at a change in direction because it takes two 45° turns instead of one 90° tum.
119
The base flashing on flat roof should
a. extend up the vertical wall above the highest expected depth of water on the roof.
b. extend about 8 to 14 inches above the roof deck.
c. be embedded in a reglet.
d. be both a and b.
d. Base flashing on a flat roof should extend up the wall above the height of water. This is typically 8 to 14 inches above the roof deck.
120
A water stain on a ceiling below a flat roof does not necessarily indicate a leak immediately above, because
a. water can travel between the plies of the roof before emerging on the interior.
b. a flood coat of asphalt is often applied to the roof sheathing below the membrane, which will redirect the water.
c. vapor retarders may carry water some distance horizontally before it leaks through.
d. of reasons a and c.
d. The stain may not indicate a leak immediately above because the water can travel horizontally between the plies of the roof before emerging on the interior, and vapor baniers may carry water horizontally some distance before it leaks through.
121
A parapet wall is
a. the curb wall around the perimeter of a skylight.
b. a perimeter wall which extends above the roofline.
c. an interior wall which meets a flat roof at its top.
d. a wall around a balcony.
b. The parapet wall is a perimeter wall protruding above the rootline.
122
All of the following are common built-up roof problems EXCEPT
a. oil-canning.
b. blisters.
c. alligatoring.
d. ridging.
e. fishmouths
a. Oil canning is not a problem on a built-up roof.
123
Drip edge flashings are found at
a. plumbing stacks.
b. skylights.
c. perimeters.
d. pitch pockets.
c. Drip edge flashings are found at roof perimeters.
124
Ponding water on flat roofs
a. attracts birds that may damage the roof.
b. increases the weight on the roof.
c. increases the severity of a leakage problem.
d. causes both b and c.
d. Ponding water on flat roofs increases the weight on the roof and the severity of a leak when it occurs.
125
Wood decks on roofs may do all of the following EXCEPT
a. protect the roof from ultraviolet light.
b. protect the roof from mechanical damage.
c. make the roof more difficult to inspect and repair.
d. protect the roof from condensation damage.
d. Wood decks do not protect the roof from condensation damage.
126
Exposed felts
a. may wick water into the roof.
b. can cause gravel erosion.
c. replace the flood coat.
d. allow the inspector to determine the number of plies in the roof.
a. Exposed felts may wick water into the roof.
127
Which of the following is NOT a common problem on modified bitumen?
a. Shattering
b. Loss of granules
c. Open seams
d. Surface cracking
e. puncture
a. Shattering is not a common problem on mod bit roofs.
128
Good flat roof flashings do all the following EXCEPT
a. make watertight joints between roofing and other materials.
b. last 50 percent as long as the membrane
c. protect joints from ultraviolet light.
d. protect joints from mechanical damage.
b. Roof flashings should last equally as long as the membrane.
129
A pitch pocket would most likely be used on
a. a skylight.
b. a plumbing stack.
c. an antenna base.
d. a parapet wall taller than 16 inches.
c. A pitch pocket is most likely to be used on an antenna base.
130
Termination bars are sometimes used instead of
a. countertflashings.
b. cant strips.
c. drip edge flashings.
d. copings.
a. Termination bars are sometimes used instead of counterflashings.
131
The top of parapet wall cap flashings
a. should slope down away from the roof.
b. should slope down toward the roof.
c. should be level.
d. shouldn't matter
e. should be painted
b. The top surface of a parapet wall should slope slightly toward the roof. You don't want water accumulating on the cap, as this 1nay cause rust. You don't want water dripping off the cap down the side of the building or onto people below, either.
132
Fasteners for metal counterflashings should
a. never be exposed.
b. always be screwed.
c. never be exposed on horizontal surfaces.
d. always be caulked.
c. Fasteners for metal counterflashings should never be exposed on horizontal surfaces.
133
A reglet is used to
a. attach a counterflashing to a wall.
b. attach a drip edge flashing to a wall.
c. seal around a plumbing stack.
d. seal the heads of fasteners at a wall.
a. Reglets are used to attach counterflashings to walls.
134
Skylights should rest on curbs not less than
a. 4 inches in height.
b. 6 inches in height.
c. 8 inches in height.
d. 10 inches in height
c. Skylight curbs should be eight inches in height.
135
Pitch pockets are NOT desirable because
a. they indicate low quality workmanship.
b. they require frequent maintenance.
c. no one uses pitch any more.
d. they tend to rot easily.
b. Pitch pockets require frequent maintenance to keep them watertight.
136
All of these are a likely cause of an asphalt base flashing sagging EXCEPT
a. inappropriate type of asphalt used
b. dirty substrate.
c. use of too little asphalt.
d. use of improper fasteners
d. Improper fasteners are not a likely cause of sagging for asphalt base flashing.
137
Metal counterflashing that is close to the roof surface, but does not have a hem
a. can cut the roof membrane, due to thermal expansion and contraction
b. is more likely to rust.
c. will require greater maintenance.
d. requires a reglet.
a. A metal flashing without a hem may cut the roof membrane.
138
Using mastic for a minor repair on a modified bitumen roof
a. can cause damage to the surface (incompatible material).
b. is considered a temporary repair.
c. requires ultraviolet protection in the form of aggregate.
d. will cause the granular surface to erode
e. will cause the granular surface to erode
b. Mastic is a temporary repair.
139
For a built-up roof with a wood deck on top, which of these statements are true?
a. Aggregate is required on the surface of the roof.
b. The deck support should be designed such that proper drainage of the roof is not impeded.
c . No gravel is needed because the deck protects the surface from ultraviolet light.
d. Both b and c are true.
d. Deck support should be arranged so that roof drainage is not interfered with. The deck protects the roof surface from ultraviolet light.
140
Which of the following flat roofs have been most susceptible to lifting off in a wind?
a. Modified bitumen
b. Built-up
c. Copper
d. Roll roofing
c. Copper has been traditionally susceptible to wind liftoff on flat roofs.
141
A "flood coat" refers to
a. "spray on" EPDM. This is used in areas where very large volumes of water are expected.
b. a method of sealing modified bitumen roof layers.
c. the layer of asphalt that is applied to the bare wood deck prior to installing the first layer of felts.
d. the layer of asphalt applied over the felts, into which gravel is embedded.
d. A flood coat is a layer of asphalt applied over the felts, into which the gravel is embedded.
142
Blisters on a built-up roof
a. will become vulnerable to UV damage
b. can be repaired by cutting them open, drying, sealing, and covering them with gravel.
c. Both a and b are true.
d. Neither a nor b is true.
c. Blisters on roofs will become sensitive to UV damage because the gravel is typically eroded away from the blister. Blisters can be repaired by cutting them open, drying them, sealing them, and covering them with gravel again.
143
Which material lasts the longest?
a. asphalt shingles
b. slate
c. wood
d. fiber-cement
e. roll roofing
b. slate (or clay)
144
On most steep roofs, exposed fasteners
a. are an aesthetic detail
b. are used for anchorage against wind
c. are a sign of poor installation
d. are a sign of good installation
e. help prevent ice dams
c.
145
All of these are components of asphalt
shingles except
a. sealing strips
b. organic felt
c. fiber glass mats
d. synthetic rubber
e. granule surfacing
D
146
The minimum slope for asphalt shingles in a conventional (not low-slope) application is
a. 6 in 12
b. 5 in 12
c. 4 in 12
d. 3 in 12
e. 2 in 12
C
147
These products are all asphalt based, except for
a. roofer's mastic
b. roofing cement
c. asphalt cement
d. plastic cement
e. caulking
E
148
The ASHI® Standards require inspectors to
a. walk on steep roofs
b. use binoculars
c. walk on flat roofs
d. report how they inspected the roof
e. inspect the roof from the exterior only
D
149
common Standards require you to -
a. lift up the roof covering
b. describe the type of flashings
c. walk on the roof
d. inspect the skylights
e. inspect antennas
D
150
Good skylight inspections include all of these except -
a. looking from inside the home below the skylight
b. looking at the flashings
c. standing on the glazed section
d. tapping on the glazing
e. lifting up on the edge of the skylight
C
151
Which solariums would be most prone to condensation?
a. a solarium in San Diego
b. a wood framed solarium
c. a solarium off a kitchen
d. a solarium off a living room
e. a solarium facing south
C
152
The presence of step flashing on an asphalt shingle roof can typically be verified by
a. looking at the counter flashing
b. knowing the age of the house
c. knowing the age of the shingles on the roof
d. knowing the number of layers of shingles on the roof
e. lifting the shingles adjacent to the chimney or wall
E
153
At roof to wall flashings, where wood siding is the counter flashing, the siding should be kept
a. less than one inch above the roof
b. one to two inches above the roof
c. two to three inches above the roof
d. three to four inches above the roof
e. four to five inches above the roof
B
154
The purpose of the gravel on a built up tar and gravel roof is to
a. provide ballast to help hold the roof membrane down
b. prevent delamination of the plies
c. protect the membrane from ultraviolet light
d. all of the above
e. (a) and (c) only
E
155
A clue that a new built-up roof was applied over the old flat roof is
a. the roof surface feels spongy under your feet
b. usually there is no gravel because of the additional weight
c. there are two layers of drip edge flashings
d. the felts are delaminating at the edges
e. both layers would be visible if you look down the roof drain
C
156
If a metal roof seems to have many leaks (no specific leakage area) and it only leaks in the winter, you should consider which of the following?
a. ice damming
b. no cant strip at the roof wall intersection
c. condensation on the underside of the metal
d. ponding
e. chimney flashing failure
C
157
Which single-ply membrane is compatible with asphalt?
a. PVC
b. Modified bitumen
c. polystyrene
d. EPDM
e. plastic
B
158
Step flashings should be nailed to
A) the roof.
B) both the wall and the roof.
C) either the wall or the roof.
D) the wall.
C
159
You are examining the side flashing for a masonry chimney. Where the asphalt shingles meet the counter flashing, roofing cement has been applied. Your report should include
a. “It is difficult to say if proper step flashings were installed.”
b. “Roofing cement should only be considered a temporary repair.”
c. “This is not a good building practice.”
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
D
160
Which single-ply system typically uses a base sheet and cap sheet?
a. PVC
b. EPDM
c. metal
d. Mod bit
e. roll roofing
d
161
Where a steeply pitched shingle roof meets a lower pitched shingle roof, the valley may be especially vulnerable to
a. unusually rapid deterioration
b. water penetration under the shingles on the lower pitched side
c. excessive shingle wear adjacent to the valley on the steeper pitched side
d. premature valley flashing wear
e. buckling of the flashing material
b
162
There is a chimney protruding through a roll roofing valley flashing on the roof. You report there may be leakage here because
a. the chimney height is insufficient
b. the chimney obstructs valley drainage
c. the nails from the chimney flashing
penetrate the valley flashing
d. the roofer did not cut the points at the valley
e. the roofer used roll roofing rather than metal
b
163
There are two layers of shingles on the roof, with the most recent installation less than two years old. At the chimney, the original steel flashings are rusted. The shingles are sealed to the older metal with asphalt cement. The roofers should have
a. used caulking instead of asphalt cement
b. installed new flashings
c. stripped off the old shingles first
d. replaced only the flashings that are rusted through
e. none of the above
b
164
If when looking at a slate roof you see ribbons, you should tell your client
a. these may be weak areas and the slate is not high quality
b. these are signs of particularly good, strong slates
c. these slates are definitely from Buckingham, Virginia
d. these slates are rare and tend to be more expensive
e. these slates have changed color because of air pollution
A
165
All of the following statements with respect to laminated asphalt shingles versus regular asphalt shingles are true EXCEPT?
a. they are stronger
b. they are more wind resistant
c. they look more like wood shingles
d. they are heavier
e. they require thicker sheathing
E
