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ROME- ORIGINS OF ROME (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Romulus known for

A

Founding Father of Rome

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2
Q

What is Numa known for

A

Development of religion

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3
Q

What is Tullus known for

A

Reviving Rome’s military reputation

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4
Q

What is Ancus known for

A

Balancing military expansion with law and order

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5
Q

Who was Livy’s most influential source

A

Fabius Pictor, who created a timeline of Roman History by drawing together all of the available sources at the time

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6
Q

What was Livy influenced by

A

Stoicism

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7
Q

What is Stoicism?

A

An ancient Greek school of philosophy, which believed that virtue is based upon knowledge

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8
Q

What did Dionysus want to do as a way to record Roman history?

A

Copy the famous Greek historian, Herodotus, and create a great history

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9
Q

What is the Iliad?

A

A Greek poem describing the legendary war between Greece and the Trojans

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10
Q

Why was Aeneas added to the Roman foundation myth?

A

To link Rome’s foundation to the Trojan war, and connect it with another great military power

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11
Q

Which Greek author first mentioned Aeneas’ influence on Roman foundation?

A

Hellanicus

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12
Q

What settlement did Aeneas found after his marriage to Lavinia?

A

Lavinium

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13
Q

How is Aeneas connected to the future founding of Rome?

A

His son, Ascanius, founded Alba Longa, and Romulus, the founder of Rome, is said to be descended from the kings of Alba Longa.

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14
Q

Who are the parents of Romulus and Remus?

A

Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, and Mars, god of war

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15
Q

Why did King Amulius imprison Rhea Sylvia, and order her twins to be drowned?

A

To prevent any challenged his control of Alba Longa after removing his brother Numitor from power

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16
Q

How are Romulus and Remus saved after being abandoned?

A

They were nursed by a she-wolf and later, found and raised by the shepherd Faustulus and his wife Larentia

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17
Q

Where does the myth of a ‘she-wolf’ originate?

A

Rumour has it that Larentia was known as ‘the wolf’ in the town, which may have been the reason for the myth to be put in place

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18
Q

What did Romulus and Remus do as young men?

A

They ambushed robbers, stole their loot, and distributed it to the poor

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18
Q

What happened to the brothers when they were ambushed

A

A gang of robbers caught them during a festival. Romulus fought his way free, but Remus was caught and taken to Amulius, who worked out the two were Numitor’s grandsons

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19
Q

What is an augury?

A

The Roman tradition of using birds to read the future, or seek divine support for a decision

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20
Q

What is a Vestal Virgin?

A

Celibate female priestesses who protected Rome’s sacred flame

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21
Q

What happened between Romulus and Remus?

A

They decided to hold and augury- 6 vultures landed at Remus’ feet, and as soon as this was about to be declared, 12 landed at Romulus’. The two sides argued, until a battle began. Remus was killed. Another story may suggest that, after Remus jumped over the city walls and mocked Romulus, Romulus murdered his brother, before declaring ‘this will be the fate of anyone who tries to o’erleap my battlements’

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22
Q

What have excavations at the Roman forum revealed?

A

That Rome is much older than 753 BC, and was probably founded in the 13th or 12th century bc

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23
Q

What is a ‘stele’?

A

An upright stone or wooden column bearing an inscription or design

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24
What is a 'comitium'?
The open-air space where Roman citizens would meet to discuss important matters
25
What day do Roman historians claim Rome was established?
21 April 753 BC
26
What do Roman historians claim Romulus created?
Asylum, Safety, Representation, The Senate, Democracy
27
What was the Senate
A council of Rome's best men during the time of the kings; advised consuls from 509 BC, advised emperors from 27 BC
28
What is 'rule by decree'?
Passing laws and judgements without listening to others or to previous laws- what the kings did
29
Who/what were lictors?
Roman bodyguards who protected the king or consul and carried fasces, which symbolised power
30
What are fasces?
Bound bundles of sticks or rods into which an axe is inserted or to which an axe is tied
31
What is a tyrant?
A leader who abuses their powers to rule unfairly- although previously it just meant a ruler who possessed ultimate power
32
What was imperium?
Gave kings the power to rule or govern- in the republic it gave consuls the power to control the army
33
When was the sack of Rome?
390 BC
34
What was Romulus' religion like?
Built a temple to Jupiter to commemorate military success Influenced by the Greek legend of Heracles Transformed into a god
35
What was the military tribune?
Men who organised military tribunes
36
What was a centurion?
A commander of a century
37
What was a century?
A unit in the Roman army- unlikely used until the republic
38
What were celeres?
A Roman cavalry unit believed to have developed from Romulus' bodyguard
39
What is an eques (pl. equites)?
A social class named because they were men who received a horse from the Roman state and formed the Roman cavalry
40
What was the rape of the sabine women?
The Romans hosted a festival, and kidnapped lots of the women from nearby towns (or 'seized')
41
Who was the king of the Sabines?
Titus Tatius
42
Who was the leader of the city of Caecina?
Acro
43
Where was the Roman Forum built?
Where the Palatine and Capitoline Hill met (although archaeology does not support this story)
44
What is an aquifer?
A rock formation which can be used to supply water
45
When was Numa appointed king?
715 BC
46
When did Romulus die?
5 July 717 BC
47
What is interregnum?
A period of time between two reigns when the normal government is suspended
48
What is piety?
Being religious
49
Who was Numa Pompilius?
A Sabine nobleman
50
Who did Numa supposedly marry?
A goddess named Egeria
51
Who were the Camenae
In Roman mythology, they were the goddesses of childbirth; fountains with the ability to tell the future
52
What priesthood did Numa create?
A priesthood for Mars, Romulus and Quirinus (Quirinus was Romulus' divine name and Mars was his father). The idea of a religious trinity including son, father and spirit would be borrowed by christianity later
53
What is a 'flamen'?
A roman priest who performed rituals for a particular god
54
What is a 'pontiff'?
A Roman high priest who regulated religious practices
55
What religious initiatives did Numa have?
Introduced the Vestal Virgins into Rome Created both the flamen and the pontiff (May have) created a lunar calendar
56
Where did Numa place the hearth of the Vestal Virgins?
In the Forum
57
What did Numa do to Rome structurally?
Divided Rome into districts and appointed an official to inspect each of them
58
What crafts did Numa establish?
Blacksmiths, musicians etc
59
What temple did Numa construct?
Temple of Janus
60
How was Tullus represented relative to Romulus?
'More aggressive than Romulus'
61
What was the first war Tullus Hostilius fought?
A war with Alba
62
Who was the king of Alba at the time of the war with Tullus?
Gaius Cluilius
63
How did the war against Alba progress?
Cluilius died, and a dictator called Mettius was appointed in his place, who reminded Tullus that both cities shared common Trojan heritage, and that it was in both their interests to avoid war.
64
How did Tullus and Mettius settle the War with Alba
They agreed to hold a battle between two teams of triplets- the Horatii for Rome, and the Curiatii for Alba. Livy describes how two of the 3 Roman triplets were lost quickly, but how the third managed to isolate and kill each of the Curiatii one by one.
65
Why did the War with Alba continue after the 'Story of the three Albans'?
Mettius didn't accept defeat and formed a secret alliance with the Etruscan cities of Veii and Fidenae. During a battle against the Etruscans, where the Albans didn't come to help, Tullus knew he had been betrayed, and this inspired his army to win the battle. Mettius was later executed by being ripped apart by 4 chariots.
66
What other battles did Tullus win?
Battle of Malitose Forest against the Sabines
67
When did Numa die?
673 BC
68
When did Tullus become king?
673 BC
69
When did Tullus die?
642 BC
70
How did Tullus die?
During the plague, Tullus did not allow soldiers to go back and take care of their families, which led to unrest and division in Rome. Many openly criticised Tullus. When he failed to perform his religious duties correctly, the gods killed him with a thunderbolt.
71
What happened to the last Horatii triplet
He murdered his sister, who had been betrothed to one of the Alban triplets. Tullus asked two patrician judges to hear his case and was found guilty, but in the face of civil unrest, the judges allowed the case to be heard by the people, and the Horatii triplet was free on appeal
72
What were Tullus' political initiatives?
He gave land to homeless citizens and built new farms. He also expanded Rome with his victories over Alba and the Sabines. He built a new settlement on the Caelian hill of the Albans and created new districts for each of the new Alban groups. To accommodate the new enlarged Senate he build a new Senate House called the Curia Hostilia
73
When did Ancus Marcius become king?
642 BC
74
When did Ancus Marcius die?
617-616 BC
75
What did Ancus do on the religious side?
He told his pontiff, Gaius Papirus, to publish laws and religious rite on oak boards across the cities, to reintroduce Numa's (his grandfather) teachings
76
What did the envoys do in Ancus Marcius' time
They would visit the enemy (in a battle/war) and demand justice. If this was denied then the envoy would ask each tribe to vote. If a majority of tribes agreed, then war would be declared
77
How did Ancus expand Rome?
He allowed citizens who lived outside the city to settle on the Aventine hill He invited the Latins to become Roman citizens He created the Admurciae district between the Aventine and Palatine hills, to help the Latins settle into the city Rome was extended over the river TIber, to connect Janiculum hill to the city, and built a wall around it, which made Rome more secure from attack The port of Ostia and a salt works were also supposed to have been built on the Tiber at this time
78
How did Ancus fare in battles?
He captured the city of Politorium and destroyed it, so it could not be used in the future to attack Rome He destroyed the Latin threat in the Battle of Medullia
79
Which towns/cities were involved in the Rape of the Sabine women?
Caenina, the Crustumini, the Antemnates, and the Sabines
80
Who was rhea silvia to numitor
Daughter
81
What did Romulus do to save his brother
Organised an army to free him. They then killed Amulius and restored Numitor to the throne

Ancient History (18 decks)

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