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RIHE c. 300-100 BC > Rome and the Greek East > Flashcards

Rome and the Greek East Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Rs declare Delos a free port? What was motivation for this?

A

166/146 BCE
Challenge Rhodes’ trading dominance in southern Aegean

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2
Q

What appears to have been the main way in which R and Italy influenced Delos?

A

Italian merchants (negationes) travelling there and trading with ppl on the island

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3
Q

What was a key market on Delos? How did this come about?

A

The slave trade
Pirates captured the slaves and supplied the island with them to be bought by romans

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4
Q

What is a testament to Roman influence in Delos?

A

many honorific statues for roman indivs displayed in the ‘agora of the Italians’

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5
Q

What does Polybius record as an impact on Gs of Delos being made a free port?

A

‘The revenue we [the Rhodians] drew from our harbour has ceased owing to your having made Delos a free port and deprived our people of that liberty by which our rights as regards our harbour and all the other rights of our city were properly guarded’ (30.31.9)

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6
Q

What was the main instigator of Roman-G East cultural exchange?

A

Roman conquests in East Mediterranean

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7
Q

Who was a particularly important general in the roman activities in the east? His major success?

A

Titus Quinctius Flamininus ‘Flamininus’
Defeated Phillip V of Macedonia in 197 (end of 2nd maced war) upon which he declared ‘freedom for the greeks’

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8
Q

When did the Romans defeat the Antogonids/Macedonians for good? Under whose leadership?

A

168 BCE 3rd Macedonian war - Battle of Pydna
Aemilius Paullus

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9
Q

How did romans celebrate their final defeat of Antigonids/Macedonians?

A

victory monument at Delphi with frieze showing romans vs maceds

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10
Q

When was the Achaean League defeated by Rome? Under whose leadership?

A

146 BCE
Lucius Mummius

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11
Q

What are the potential functions of the agora of the Italians? (4)

A

agora in a commercial sense
more specific space for slave trade
gymnasion
recreational/social area

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12
Q

What is the evidence for Italians settling in Delos?

A

remains of houses dating to c100 BCE that have portraits w italian names

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13
Q

What is the character of Roman material evidence in Delos?

A

Hellenised, with Greek motifs and styles being used in the IDed Italian houses

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14
Q

What does the Madhia shipwreck evidence? What was part of the cargo?

A

v Hellenistic objects being taken to Rome c100 BCE
columns and capitals, candelabra, garden vases, marble statues, bronze statues statuettes and klinai fittings, votive relifs, G inscrips,

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15
Q

In what way was the Temple of Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste Hellenised? When was it built?

A

construction involved local stone but the architecture was particularly Greek e.g. terracing, orders
c204 BCE

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16
Q

What are the two important mosaics found at Temple of Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste?

A

nile and fish
late 2nd cents

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17
Q

Where was the Alexander Mosaic found? What is significant about this and other Hellenistic elements of the context?

A

House of the Faun, Pompeii
private display of philhellenism seen only by occupants (likely elites) and their select guests

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18
Q

around when was the initial time of trade between Rome and G east that resulted in cultural links?

A

4th-3rd centuries BCE, 3rd was when the interactions intensified

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19
Q

What were the dominant means by which Greek items got to rome in late 3rd cent BCE? Examples?

A

booty from military campaigns
art trade
Terme ruler and Terme boxer

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20
Q

What change meant Hellenistic art became securely part of Roman culture?

A

emigration of G artisans in Rome/Italy to produce there

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21
Q

How were Hellenistic items perceived by Romans?

A

as luxury
generally consumed by elites, even in private contexts

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22
Q

What was the conflict in the meeting of Hellenistic civic architecture with Roman?

A

hellenistic style generally grand and ornamental whereas R arch more focussed on practical and robust styling

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23
Q

What was given a lot of money and booty from Greek campaigns in Rome?

A

temple complexes - money invested in them and booty displayed there

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24
Q

What limited the public display of philhellenism by Roman elites?

A

Roman moral expectations of austerity and conservatism

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25
Q

What Hellenistic sculptural trend made its way to Roman sculpture? Example?

A

Individualisation and naturalism
Capitoline ‘Brutus’ - not acc him but displays individualistic features combined with Italic styling

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26
Q

What was an accepted and popular setting for the display of greek items and art in rome?

A

In triumphal processions

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27
Q

What changed as a result of the Hellenistic influence over cult statues? What was a distinctive feature of many of the cult statues emerging around 2nd cent? Examples?

A

material, subject, execution
colossal size
T of Fortuna Primigenia - colossal, acrolithic
Aesculapius, Ostia - parian marble
Hercules, Alba Fucens - acrolithic but mostly marble

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28
Q

Why was Theatre construction controversial for romans in 2nd century?

A

Permanent and v public displays of G culture
Senate didn’t support idea of a large open space where populus romanus could meet

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29
Q

What was the precedent for R theatres prior to the one sponsored by Pompey?

A

wooden, temporary ones

30
Q

Why was veristic style popular for Romans? Examples?

A

it enabled portraits to have accentuated features associated with virtue like maturity or musculature
Tivoli General
Osimo Head - aged, experienced, dynamic

31
Q

What meanings did nudity have in roman sculpture?

A

often heroic, athletic connotations although togatus look was the conservative, respectable choice for citizen types

32
Q

What is a good example of roman practicality in its architecture?

A

Navalia, 2nd cent BCE - ship house on the Tiber; concrete - efficient and economical (cheap in itself and required unskilled workforce)

33
Q

After what was the T of Hercules Musarum built? Where does it name derive from?

A

Conquest of Ambracia by M Fulvius Nobilior in 189
Within temple, statues of Hercules and the 9 Muses were displayed after all having been taken from Ambracia as part of conquest

34
Q

What was the Porticus Metelli begun after? What did the complex consist of?

A

Success over Archadian League by Q Metellus Macedonicus 140s-30s
Two temples, one prredating battle - T of Juno Regina w traditional Italian plan
The later one, contemporary to portico, is much more Hellenistic with ionic order, peripteral plan, pentelic marble material, and Cypriot interior architect

35
Q

When was the round temple by the tiber built? Hellenistic features?

A

late 2nd cent BCE
tholos design, impressive corinthian capitals, stepped platform, pentelic marble, pseudo-isodomic (ashlar) masonry

36
Q

Why is the T of Portunus of significance in hellenistic influence of roman architecture? Signif features?

A

rebuilding of temple in 2nd cent BCE saw the production of greek arch features done in Italian materials
ionic order, pseudo-peripteral, freize BUT using tufa and travertine, with addition of stucco to resemble marble

37
Q

What was added to the Forum Romanum in 2nd cent that demonstrated hell influence? Distinctive R features?

A

three basilicas: Porcia, Aemilia, and Sempronia
generally reminiscent of stoas but have a central hall which changed configuration but also the way in which ppl engaged with it

38
Q

What was displayed in Forum Romanum that is not preserved in arch evidence but Pliny attests to?

A

bronze portrait sculptures

39
Q

What is a particularly significant tomb of 2nd-1st cents BCE? Why?

A

‘Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus’
Impressive and elaborate friezes

40
Q

What does Wallace-Hadrill say on the nature of Hellenization?

A

“Hellenization is shorthand for the cultural process by which Italy became Roman”

41
Q

What and when was first major conquest of the Romans in G world? Signif?

A

211 BC: conquest of Syracuse by Marcellus.
Got Rome access to control over whole of Sicily and brought hellenistic art works etc to Rome.

42
Q

When was the sack of Corinth? What happened? Signif?

A

146 BCE
Romans met force of Acheans, soundly beat them, and destroyed Corinth - killed all men, enslaved women and children, plundered treaures and art works, and set the city on fire.
Marked the start of proper domination of Rome over G and brought great influx of Corinthian/Greek works into Rome and Italy

43
Q

When was the seige of Carthage? Result? Signif?

A

146 BCE
Romans defeated the city at which point they killed or enslaved the citizens, burnt buildings, and plundered the city, especially of its religious items

44
Q

In what war was the Seige of Carthage part of? Roman general?

A

3rd Punic War (149-6 BCE)
Scipio Africanus

45
Q

What public constructions were sponsored by Appius Claudius? When? Signif?

A

Via Appia asnd Aqua Appia
312 BCE
acting like a hellenistic euergetist

46
Q

When and where was the Magna Mater temple built in Rome? Signif?

A

205 BCE, Palatine Hill
Clear demo of Hellenism: Anatolian goddess (renamed from Cybele), temple served by G priests, G rites practiced

47
Q

Why did the Romans believe they needed to begin worshipping Magna Mater?

A

oracle recommended her as an ally in the 2nd war against Carthage (218-201 BCE)

48
Q

What is the Malacena Group? Signif?

A

pottery produced c400-200 BCE in central italy
G shapes (e.g. kantharoid calyx-krater) but Etruscan in use of blue-black glaze and moulded decor

49
Q

What is the Francois Tomb? When built? Signif?

A

etruscan tomb from vulci famous for its frescoes
c325-300
Iconography is combination of Etruscan (battle of Vulci ppl vs nearby towns) and Greek (Theban myth and scene from Iliad) AND execution is high quality showing link/familiarity between painting skills of greeks and those repsponsible for these tomb paintings

50
Q

Signif of T of Apollo at Pompeii?

A

late 2nd cent BCE
dedicated to greek styling and worship, but BY romans
Mummius made a dedication of Corinth spoils to the city and recorded his benefaction with an Oscan (local language) inscription easily seen when entering the sanctuary (c146 BCE)

51
Q

What does Strabo say on teh attraction of Roman traders to Delos?

A

absence of tariffs
convenient location

52
Q

Who was the owner of the House of the Faun? Signif?

A

poss Roman general Satrius
He was campaigning in the East and thus this symbol of eastern power and links represents a sense of eastern conquest

53
Q

When was Pompeii particularly porsperous?

A

2nd cent BCE

54
Q

What was the social use of Hellenistic style and art for Roman elites?

A

means of displaying wealth and status

55
Q

What was a key trade in which the Pompeii elites sought wealth?

A

wine

56
Q

In what space was Hellenization seen most in Pompeii?

A

Private environments - interiors of the villas had architectural decor, wall paintings, and mosaics of hellenistic nature

57
Q

Key Features of the House of the Faun?

A

v large (2 insulae)
two courtyards (occupying 2/3 of house space)
stucco fauces to look like marble
bronze sculpture (faun)
alexander mosaic
fish mosaic
doves and jewellery box mosaic

58
Q

Why were hellenistic interiors valuable for wealthy Pompeiians?

A

important in reception events and indicative of the personal values of the elites

59
Q

What were the civic buildings in Pompeii? Charcteristic of their arrangment?

A

theatre, gymnasion, palaetra, stadium, 2 temples
close together in SW area of city in ‘theatre district’

60
Q

What was in the political area of Pompeii?

A

market (c130 BCE), comitum, Temple (poss Jupiter), offices, T of Apollo, basilica (c130 BCE)

61
Q

When was Altar ‘of Domitius Ahenobarbus’/Paris-Munich Reliefs constructed? Signif?

A

c100 BCE
consists of 2 reliefs, one being of G charcter the other of Roman attesting to a coexistence of tastes and and artistic styles

62
Q

Features of Greek relief part of Paris-Munich reliefs?

A

E greek marble
shows marriage of Neptune and Amphrite
strong musculature of men, light drapery, well-proportioned bodies
comparanda = Great Alt of Perg

63
Q

What are possibilities as to greek relief being in Rome?

A

import
booty
expropriation of style

64
Q

Features of Roman relief part of Paris-Munich reliefs?

A

combo of diff sources of marble
subject is census taking and sacrificial ritual to Mars who appears by the altar

65
Q

What are Hellenistic themes in roman portraiture?

A

functioning of ruler cult, use of divine attributes, nakedness, public disaplay of honourific portraits

66
Q

What are key types of public building works in late republic?

A

roads
statues
basilicas
porticoes
aqueducts

67
Q

Who was an early opponent of Rome? Actions?

A

Pyrrhus (of Epirus)
Pyrric War - 280-75 BCE, republic fighting against Pyrrus who was losing, went to fight Carthaginians for a few years then returned to Italy and lost decisively.

68
Q

What was key victory for Rome that opened access to Mediterranean dominance?

A

Hannibalic War, 218–201 BC

69
Q

What reduces the role of consuls in the development of R domination in Mediterranean?

A

all decisions made w foreign parties, e.g. treaties, had to be ratified by the Senate and the ppl

70
Q

In what ways could a R commander (consul or praetor) appear like a king to mediterraneans?

A

had control of armies
sent and received embassies
communicated w hell kings
religious roles: dedications at sanctuaries, presiding over games

RIHE c. 300-100 BC (11 decks)

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