Romantic period - test Flashcards
inclusion of folk songs, dances, legends and other national material in a composition to associate it with the composer’s homeland.
nationalism
use of melodies, rhythms or instruments that suggest foreign lands
exoticism
instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene
program music
use of chords containing tones not found in the major or minor scale but included in the chromatic scale (all 12 notes)
chromatic
vocal form in which the same music is repeated for each stanza of a poem
strophic
vocal form in which there is new music for each stanza of a poem
through-composed form
• form in which two or more stanzas of poetry are set to the same music while other stanzas have new music
Modified strophic form
• instrument music having no intended association with a story, poem, idea or scene; nonprogram music
Absolute music
• single melody used in several movement of a long work to represent a recurring idea (Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique)
Idée fixe—
• short musical idea associated with a person object or thought (Wagner’s The Ring)
Leitmotif
• setting of a poem for solo voice and piano
art song
• slow, lyrical piano piece
Nocturne
• a piano piece designed to help the performer master specific technical difficulties
Étude
• symphony related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title (Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique)
Program symphony—
• composition for orchestra; one movement, usually in sonata form
concert overture
• Programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form (such as sonata or rondo) or an original, irregular form
Symphonic poem (tone poem) –
• music intended to be performed before and during a play
incidental music
mass for the dead
requiem
Developed the “art song.” –
schubert
German composer of a Jewish family who was responsible for the revival of Bach’s music; most “classic” of the Romantic composers; child prodigy like Mozart –
mendelssohn
Two great Italian opera composers –
• Verdi and Puccini
Polish composer known mostly for his piano pieces; known as the “poet of the piano” –
• Chopin
Moved to the US and was the director of the National Conservatory of Music
• Dvorak
German composer known for his piano “character pieces” –
• R. Schumann
Most “classic” of the Romantic composers
Mendelssohn
After Robert Schumann was committed to an institution, this composer moved in with Clara Schumann, one of the “3 B’s” –
Brahms
French composer who first studied medicine, known for his grandiose compositions and skills as an orchestrator and conductor; wrote a symphony based on his spurned love –
Berlioz
One of the “3 B’s”
brahms
Child prodigy similar to Mozart
mendelssohn
German composer known for massive music dramas where all the arts—music, drama, dance and painting are fused (Gesamtkunstwerk—universal artwork) –
• Wagner
Outstanding pianist attributed with creating the “solo” recital –
liszt
Wrote the music for 3 ballets; had a “pen-pal” relationship with a wealthy widow , Maria von Meck–
• Tchaikovsky
Took 25 years to compose a music drama
wagner
His most famous opera was originally unsuccessful as critics were critical of its sexual content and violence
• Bizet
Female composer and performer; more successful than her husband –
• C. Schumann
What are the dates of the Romantic period?
1820-1900
Describe the evolution of the Romantic orchestra
• larger, may have as many as 100 players; more emphasis on brass and expanded percussion
Where was the center of Romanticism?
paris
Describe the typical Romantic audience and where music was typically performed
• A middle-class audience in a concert hall
Describe the main differences between Romantic and previous musical eras
- Romantic composers wanted to express the full range of emotions, explore nature, and draw on the Middle Ages and Shakespeare for inspiration
- Countless songs and operas about love
- There was a fascination with fantasy and the diabolical
- Nature music included such things as a wild horseback ride on a stormy night, the flow of a river, or a walk in the countryside
Describe the main differences between Romantic and previous musical eras
- Nationalism and Exoticism
- Nationalism in music: composers deliberately create music with a specific national identity
- Exoticism in music: composers used colorful materials from foreign lands in their music
Describe the main differences between Romantic and previous musical eras
- Program music
- Music during this time was closely associated with literature and many composers were also authors.
- Poets wanted their poetry to be musical and composers wanted their music to be poetic
- Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or theme
- The program is indicated in the title or comments written about the piece
- Can represent emotions, characters, or events of a particular story
Describe the main differences between Romantic and previous musical eras
• Expanded range of dynamics, tempo, and pitch; emphasis on beautiful melodies; expanded harmonic vocabulary—use of chromaticism
What was the most important solo instrument of the Romantic period?
piano
Who is the “Father of Russian music
Mihkail Glinka
How many symphonies did Brahms write?
4
How many movements are typically in a symphony and how are they usually organized?
4; 1st—fast in sonata form; 2nd—slow and lyrical; 3rd—dance-like minuet or scherzo; 4th—fast in sonata form
The Moudou
smetana
Erlkonig
schubert
Aufschwung and Warum? –
• R Schumann
He has come in Storm and Rain–
• C Schumann
Nocturne in E Flat Major and Étude in C Minor—Revolutionary –
• Chopin
Transcendental Étude –
• Liszt
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor –
Mendelssohn
Symphonie Fantastique –
Berlioz
Romeo and Juliet –
Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 9 in E Minor –
Dvorak
Symphony No. 3 in F Major –
• Brahms
Rigoletto –
• Verdi
La Bohéme –
puccini
Die Walkure –
• Wagner
Carmen
• Bizet
