Romance

Question 1

Matching hypothesis: Who came up with the matching hypothesis?

Answer 1

Murstein in 1972

Question 2

Matching hypothesis: What does it suggest?

Answer 2

People desire the mod physically attractive people but we don’t have the ability to keep them, we look for , according to Murstein’s theory choose those with similar attractiveness.

Question 3

Matching hypothesis: Why do we choose those of similar attractiveness?

Answer 3

We require a compromise due to the fear of rejection and a need to achieve a balance between each partner.

Question 4

Matching hypothesis: What did brown argue?

Answer 4

Brown 1986 argued that the matching hypothesis results from a well learned sense of what’s “fitting” rather than our fear of rebuffed.
For brown, we learn to adjust expectations of rewards in line with what we believe we offer.

Question 5

Matching hypothesis: Research studies:

Answer 5

Look them up in the booklet - I’m too lazy to type them pg 13 in booklets.

Question 6

Matching hypothesis: Evaluation : Individual differences:

Answer 6

• Some people do not seem to attach much importance to physical attractiveness.
• E.G. Towhey 1979 asked male and female participants to rate a photograph and some biographical information.
• Ps were also tested on the MACHO scale to measure sexist attitudes and behaviours.
• Towhey found that ps who scored highly on the scale were more influenced by attractiveness, low scorers were less sensitive to this influence.

Question 7

Matching hypothesis: Evaluation: Research into support for matching hypothesis:

Answer 7

The initial study to try and prove the matching hypothesis ironically failed to do so. Walster et al 1966. However this may have been because the level of attractiveness was not reliable. the raters were judging attractiveness of the ps only had a few seconds to do so.

Question 8

Self disclosure: Refers to?

Answer 8

Giving information to someone to show trust and develop a relationship. The information given follows a norm and will not be too detailed or too vague but suitable for the state of the relationship.

Question 9

why is self disclosure important in developing relationships?

Answer 9

Sprecher researched 50 dating couples and found that the amount of information disclosed was vital in terms of predicting if couples were going to stay together for more than four years, also predicted relationship stability.

Question 10

What are the norms of self disclosure?

Answer 10

• Too much = uncomfortable
• Too little = too disinterested
• Norm of reciprocity - to have people have share information when you have shared some to them.

Question 11

What does research suggest with regard to the type of self disclosure?

Answer 11

Self disclosure of personal accomplishments or disappointments will have a greater influence on relationships Sprecher 1985. Especially influential in comparison to neutral disclosure.

Question 12

How is self disclosure related to relationship stability?

Answer 12

More information that is disclosed can lead to a stronger relationship.

Question 13

How does self disclosure differ between face-to-face and online relationships? And what is impact of this difference?

Answer 13

Knop et al 2016 found contrary evidence he expected people to be more open to sharing information online but in contrast found that people were less ready to share information online than in person.

Question 14

What does research suggest with regard to the role of gender on self disclosure?

Answer 14

Women in western cultures (nakanishi) like self disclosure more so than Asian/eastern cultures. Men in Eastern cultures tend to like self disclosure more than the women in their culture. (lmao eastern men lonely)

Question 15

Self disclosure reports and studies:

Answer 15

Read them yourself in the booklet, pg 17….

Question 16

Self disclosure: different types:

Answer 16

Neutral types: music taste. Personal: disclosing your fears. Neutral types are very vague or information that doesn’t effect relationships.

Question 17

Norms of self disclosure?

Answer 17

People should only disclose in moderate personal level during early stages of relationship. Derlega and Grzelak 1979 suggests that the discloser appears indiscriminate for disclosing them to a relative stranger, nor so personal as to make the listener uncomfortable. The more one person discloses the more the other person is expected to do so.

Question 18

research support for self disclosure’s importance:

Answer 18

Meta analysis by Collins and miller 1994 supports the role of self disclosure in the development and maintenance of relationships. They found that people who engage in intimate disclosures tend to be liked more than people who disclose at lower levels. People as a result will disclose to those who disclose to them. Collins and Miller also found that there was a greater level of liking if the recipient believed they were the only ones to receive it rather than it being indiscriminately shared with others.

Question 19

Research for self disclosure:

Answer 19

Read it in the booklet page 18 or something, cba to tippity type it up…

Question 20

Filter theory: outline filter theory:

Answer 20

The model argues that relationships develop through three filters.

It argues different factors are important at different times.

However, it also suggests that we filter out potential partners at different times, so the field of availables is gradually narrowed down to a field of desirables.

Question 21

Filter theory: what is the field of availables?

Answer 21

It is the people who we could date but would not likely want to date.

Question 22

Filter theory: what is field of desirables?

Answer 22

The people who we could date and also have an interest in dating.

Question 23

Filter theory: What is social demography?

Answer 23

Refers to variables such as age, geographical locations, ethnicity and other variables. This is the first filter and often exerts its influence without our conscious input. For example due to our educational background and economic background we mainly meet these people.

We are also more likely to feel similar to those who share these factors with us so we feel like we have more in common with them.

Question 24

Filter theory: What is similarity in attitudes and values:

Answer 24

This is the second filter, once two people begin to go out the next important filter is the similarity in attitudes ( or some research would suggest perceived similarity).

If the couple shares beliefs communication should be easier, and the relationship may progress. Kerckhoff and Davies found that similarity in attitudes was of central importance in the early stages of a relationship and as the best predictor of stability. At this stage people with different attitudes and beliefs are filtered out.

Question 25

Filter theory: what is complementarity of needs?

Answer 25

Once a relationship has been established and become a long term commitment. The third filter which is how well they complement one another’s needs, this refers to how well people fit together as a couple, it takes into account complementing needs (those who needs care and those who want to care) and the same needs (the need for a harmonious relationship rather than hostile).

Question 26

Filter theory: Research by Kerckhoff and Davis:

Answer 26

Longitudinal study of 94 student couples. Each couples, each couples were asked to fill out several questionnaires over a 7 month period assessing the degree of need complementarity and a further questionnaire assessing the degree to which they shared attitudes and values and assessed how close they felt to their partner..

They found that those who had dated for less than 18 months were less similar in terms of attitudes and values, those who had been dating for longer than 18 months were found to be more similar in terms of attitudes and values.

Question 27

Filter theory; Similarity and interpersonal attraction research: Byrne

Answer 27

Byrne 1970 found that individuals are more likely to become attracted to someone with whom they share many common attitudes than someone with whom they only share a few.

Question 28

Filter theory; Similarity and interpersonal attraction research: Tidwell

Answer 28

Tidwell et al 2013 tested this idea in a speed dating context. After measuring actual and perceived similarity using a questionnaire, the researcher found that it was perceived not actual similarity that predicted romantic liking.

Question 29

Filter theory; Are there any areas that filter theory has neglected?

Answer 29

Not considered physical attractiveness.

Question 30

Filter theory: Consider how filter model could be criticised in terms of a culture bias:

Answer 30

Arranged marriages in other cultures ignores filters, it assumes that there is freedom of choice which we have inmost western countries but not all eastern countries have it.

Question 31

Evolutionary Exp: General AO1

Answer 31

Darwin theory; characteristics that allow for a reproductive advantage would be passed down rather than those that allowed for survival advantage.

Question 32

Evolutionary Exp: Intrasexual AO1

Answer 32

Sexual selection starts here, members of the same sex must out-compete each other in order to access the opposite sex. Successful ones mate, favoured characteristics allow for mating, e.g. intelligence

Question 33

Evolutionary Exp: Intersexual selection AO1

Answer 33

Each sex evolves preferences for certain characteristics that lead to dimorphism between sexes, certain characteristics become more widespread in the population e.g. hour glass figure

Question 34

Evolutionary Exp: Sexual selection AO1

Answer 34

Sexual selection is suggested because random mating is stupid mating. Choosiness allows for better prepared offspring. Females tend to show preference to men with a parental instinct.

Question 35

Evolutionary Exp: AO3 Cultural traditions

Answer 35

Kasser and Sharma 1999 studied 37 cultures: found women in cultures where women were not able to access education or achieve economic self sufficiency.

Question 36

Evolutionary Exp: AO3 Female preferences for men with high status may not be universal:

Answer 36

Buller 2005 most studies were carried out on undergraduates which may lead to women selecting men who have similar prospects and interests to them which would be those who have a higher status.

Question 37

Evolutionary Exp: AO3 mate choice and menstrual cycle

Answer 37

Penton Voak 1999 suggested that females chose a more masculine male at the height of fertility and a more feminine one for longer term relationships.