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Gd 11 LS 2020 > Role of microbes and microbe caused disease > Flashcards

Role of microbes and microbe caused disease Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of HIV infections

A
  • Stage 1: First few weeks, flu symptoms in 50% of cases. Viral load high, immune cell level increases
  • Stage 2: Months to years, clinical latency. Viral load lower, immune cell level declines
  • Stage 3: Symptomatic HIV infection. Viral load higher, immune cells lower. Opportunistic infections occur.
  • Stage 4: AIDS. Viral load high, immune cells low. Opportunistic infections, severe illness.
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2
Q

An insecticide used to kill mosquitoes, now banned for agricultural use, but still used cautiously in South Africa to limit malaria

A

DDT

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3
Q

Prophylactic medication

A

Medication taken to prevent getting a disease

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4
Q

Treatment of thrush

A
  • Oral antiseptics
  • Anti-fungal creams
  • In severe cases - anti-fungal tablets
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5
Q

Management of plant diseases

A

Exclusion:

  • Disease free stock used to cultivate
  • Proper soil management e.g. not over watering

Eradication:

  • Cultivate plants that the disease cannot feed on
  • Burn affected plant waste
  • Spray with fungicides

Resistant crops:

  • Specific varieties that are not affected by disease as easily
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6
Q

Prevention of TB

A
  • BCG vaccine mostly effective
  • Treating those who can spread the disease
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7
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis Species:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Rod shaped bacterium
  • Major cause of death worldwide
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8
Q

Prevention of malaria

A
  • Avoid mosquito bites in malaria areas:
  • Long sleaves
  • Insect repellants
  • Bed nets
  • Netting over windows
  • Remove standing water from around house
  • Anti-malarial drugs taken when entering malaria areas
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9
Q

Treatment of HIV

A
  • Initially, promote healthy lifestyle (diet, stress and exercise)
  • assess immune levels by measuring CD4 cell count
  • Antiretrovirals or ARV’s when CD4 count drops
  • medicine to prevent and treat opportunistic diseases e.g. Antibiotics
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10
Q

Role of fungi in the environment

A

Decomposers:

  • Break down complex organic compounds
  • Release nutrients

Mycorrhiza:

  • Mutualistic relationship in roots of plants
  • provide minerals for plants
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11
Q

Notifiable diseases

A
  • In humans, have to be reported to Department of Health
  • In animals, have to be reported to state veterinarian
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12
Q

Decomposition

A
  • Break down complex organic compounds
  • Release nutrients
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13
Q

Cycle of infectious diseases

A
  • Pathogen infected host
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry and susceptibility
  • Incubation
  • Period of communicability
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14
Q

Prevent mosquito bites

A
  • Mosquito nets
  • Insecticide treated nets
  • Mosquito repellants
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15
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A
  • Plants need nitrogen to make amino acids
  • Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used to do this
  • Soil bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrates
  • Bacteria in plant roots convert nitrogen into amino acids
  • Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates
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16
Q

Effects of HIV infection

A
  • T4 lymphocytes (helper cells) destroyed
  • T4 cells don’t bring killer cells to fight infection
  • bodies immune system breaks down
  • opportunistic infections
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17
Q

Treatment of malaria

A
  • Oral medicines killing the parasite
  • First effective drug: Quinine
  • Nowadays: Artemisinin use in combination with other drugs
  • In severe cases intravenous medicines.
  • Both Quinine and Artemisinin are derived from plants
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18
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

A

Mutualism

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19
Q

Prevention of thrush

A
  • Improved hygine (preventing parts of the body from being too warm and moist)
  • Probiotics (eating healthy bacteria e.g. yoghurt and fermented foods)
  • Balanced diet (cut out refined carbs and sugar!)
  • Reduce stress (improve immune system function)
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Mutualistic bacteria

A
  • Synthesize some vitamins not easily available to host
  • E.g. E. coli in human digestive tract vitamin E, K and some B’s
  • E.g. Bacteria in ruminants (like cows)
22
Q

Potato blight

A
  • Fungus infecting potato crops
  • Destroys much of the crop and has in the past caused famine in Europe
  • Thrives in damp fields
23
Q

Symptoms of TB

A
  • Lung TB: Inflammation and lesions destroy lung tissue
  • Tiredness, coughing, blood in sputum, chest pains, fever, sweating, poor appetite and weight loss
  • TB lesions: Can occur in any part of the body e.g. bone and brain.
24
Q

Malaria

A

Caused by a protist

Species: Plasmodium sp.

25
Q

Vector of malaria

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

26
Q

Role of bacteria in the environment

A
  • Decomposers
  • Nitrogen cycling
  • Mutualism
27
Q

XDR-TB

A
  • Extensively drug resistant TB
  • Second-line drugs used to treat MDR-TB no longer work for these strains
28
Q

Mode of transmission of TB

A

Especially those with active TB infections spread TB bacteria by coughing and sneezing.

29
Q

Infection with HIV eventually leads to… (Full name)

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

30
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Flu-like Fever and muscle aches

Sweating

Fatige

Plasmodium falciparum can cause cerebral (brain) infections leading to death within days

31
Q

Symptoms of thrush (effects)

A
  • Affects: mouth, vagina, skin
  • Fluffy white patches
  • Red, inflamed areas under the patches
  • Severe irritation
32
Q

Cells infected by HIV

A

T4 lymphocytes (helper cells)

33
Q

Thrush (causes)

A
  • Fungal infection called candidiasis
  • Species: Candida albicans
  • Affects mainly moist parts of body
34
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Mutualism

35
Q

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

36
Q

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not affected

A

Commensalism

37
Q

Role of algae in the environment

A

Photosynthesis:

  • major source of food in aquatic ecosystems
  • provide much of the atmospheres oxygen
38
Q

Treatment of TB

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Managed by DOTS
  • Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course
  • at least 6 months of medicines
  • Side effects: Nausea, liver damage, skin rashes
39
Q

Modes of transmission of HIV include:

A
  • Sexual intercourse (all kinds)
  • Non-sterile needles
  • Across placenta and during birth
  • Contact between wounds or mucous membranes with infected body fluids
40
Q

HIV is… (full name)

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

41
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • Typically used to kill bacteria
  • antibacterial chemicals made by certain fungi
  • Term often also includes drugs against protists and fungi (antifungals)
42
Q

Infectious diseases that are transmitted

A

Contagious or communicable diseases are passed from one host to another

43
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

Infections caused by pathogens that don’t affect a person with a healthy immune system

44
Q

Drugs that treat microbes

A

Antimicrobial drugs:

  • anti-viral drugs
  • antibiotics
  • anti-fungal drugs
45
Q

Two ways of treating bacterial infections

A
  • Bactericidal antibiotic doses - kill bacteria
  • Bacteriostatic antibiotic doses - slow or stop bacterial growth
46
Q

MDR-TB

A
  • Multi-drug resistant TB
  • If TB drugs misused, TB becomes resistant to treatment
  • Takes longer to treat
  • More expensive to treat
  • More side effects to treatment
47
Q

Steps of HIV replication

A
  • HIV attaches to human cell
  • RNA and enzymes enter cell
  • RNA converted to DNA
  • Cells resources used to make more viral proteins and RNA
  • Parts assemble into new virus particles
  • Particles released to infect more cells
48
Q

Prevention of HIV

A
  • sexual behavior e.g. abstinence, barriers
  • avoiding infected blood e.g. gloves, transfusions
  • ARV’s in pregnancy for those infected
  • not abusing drugs and alcohol (lessen high risk behaviour)
49
Q

Life cycle of malaria

A
  • Mosquito feeds on malaria infected person
  • Gametes of malaria enter mosquito
  • Zygote formed in mosquito digestive tract
  • Parasite develops and moves to salivary gland of mosquito
  • Parasite injected into blood of person mosquito is feeding on
  • Parasite enters liver cells and multiply
  • Parasite leaves liver and enters red blood cells where they mature and divide
  • Red blood cells burst and mosquito sucks them up…
50
Q

Effects of various diseases on the economy

A
  • Consider ages (children vs breadwinners vs older people)
  • Consider the loss of labour and less workers in the economy
  • Consider the loss of income for those affected
  • Consider direct costs of treatment e.g. doctors and medication
  • Consider if the disease is linked to poverty

Gd 11 LS 2020 (15 decks)

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