Animal Diversity Flashcards
Types of symmetry
- Asymmetry (none)
- Radial (can be cut in more than one plane)
- Bilateral (can be cut in only one, vertical plane)
Embryonic tissue layers
- Diploblastic (two layers)
- Triploblastic (three layers)
Organisms without a coelom
acoelomate
Organisms in which the coelom develops in the middle of the mesoderm
coelomate
Organisms in which the coelom develops between the mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelomate
internal fluid-filled cavity
coelom
outer layer of embryonic tissue
ectoderm
innermost layer of embryonic tissue
endoderm
middle layer of embryonic tissue
mesoderm
Organs/ tissues that develop from the endoderm
epithelial layer of the digestive tract
Organs/ tissues that develop from the mesoderm
- internal organs of the blood system
- muscular system
- reproductive system
- skeleton
- connective tissue
Organs/ tissues that develop from the ectoderm
- outer protective layer
- nervous system
- sense organs
the development at the anterior end of a concentration of nerve cells
cephalisation
advantage of being bilaterally symmetrical
- cephalisation
- central nervous system for locomotion
- locomotion in one direction
disadvantage of being radially symmetrical
locomotion is slow and inefficient
advantages of a coelom
- separates digestive tract from body wall (each functions independently of the other)
- can act as a hydrostatic skeleton
- allows space for specialised organs to develop (so organisms are more complex)
- coelomic fluid is a transport medium (gases, nutrients, wastes)
disadvantage of a coelom/ being triploblastic
- need for transport system to develop
- to ensure all cells receive the nutrients water they need
- that wastes are removed
process of moving food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
simplest animal phylum
Porifera
Number of tissue layers in Porifera
None - cellular level of organisation (colonies of independent cells arranged in layers but not attached to each other)
made from:
- collar cells
- amoeboid cells
- spicules
- jelly-like layer.
osculum
large opening in a sponge through which water leaves the sponge
spongocoel
large cavity inside a sponge through which water is circulated
Animalia group without a vertebral column
invertebrates
A schematic representation used to indicate the evolutionary relationships between different taxa
A phylogeny or a phylogenetic tree
The process through which dead plant and animal material are broken down to simple nutrients
Decomposition
Role of invertebrates in agriculture and ecosystems
- Pollinators
- decomposers
- soil aeration
Invertebrate role as pollinators
- Many pollinators are insects
- Able to fly distances transporting pollen
- Essential for fertilisation of plants
- Ensures seeds and fruit form
Invertebrate role in decomposition
- e.g. beetles, flies, insect larvae and worms
- rotting food digested together with soil
- Faeces rich in nutrients and microbes
- Makes soil more fertile
- Invertebrates draw dead organic material underground, improving soil fertility
Invertebrate role in soil aeration
- E.g. earthworms, ants and termites
- Dig underground tunnels
- Loosen soil and trap air between particles
- Improves water infiltration
- Easier for plant roots to penetrate the soil
Cambrian explosion
- many animal phyla appeared 545mya
- This radiation of taxa occured in a short space of time (5-10 million years)
- complex, multicellular organisms evolved
What ancestor did the modern animal phyla evolve from?
An aquatic unicelular (possibly collonial) protist
Chordate way of life
- Found everywhere
- terrestrial and aquatic
- free living
Chordate symmetry and cephalisation
- bilateral symmetry
- cephalisation present
Chordata tissue layers
- Triploblastic
- Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
- Coelomate
Chordata blood system
Closed blood system
Chordata gut
Through gut present
Arthropoda way of life
- Occur everywhere
- Aquatic, terrestrial and underground
- free living
Arthropoda symmetry and cephalisation
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Cephalization present
Arthropoda tissue layers
- Triploblastic
- coelomate
Arthropoda blood system
Open blood system
Arthropoda gut
- Through gut present
Annelida way of life
- Aquatic
- terrestrial (moist environments)
- free living
Annelida tissue layers
- Triploblastic
- Pseudocoelomate
Annelida blood system
- Closed blood system
Annelida symmetry and cephalisation
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- cephalisation present
Annelida gut
- Through gut present
Platyhelminthes way of life
- Aquatic
- Free living or parasitic
Platyhelminthes symmetry and cephalisation
- Bilateral symmetry
- cephalisation
Platyhelminthes tissue layers
- Triploblastic
- Acoelomate (no coelom)
Platyhelminthes blood system
No blood system
Platyhelminthes gut
- No through gut
- Only one opening
Cnidaria way of life
- Aquatic
- Sessile (polyp)
- Free-living (medusa)
Cnidaria symmetry and cephalisation
- Radially symmetrical
- No cephalisation
Cnidaria tissue layers
- Diploblastic
- Acoelomate (no coelom)
Cnidaria blood system
No blood system
Cnidaria gut
- No through gut
- Only one opening
Porifera way of life
- Aquatic
- Sessile
- Filter feeders
Porifera symmetry and cephalisation
- Asymmetrical
- No cephalisation
Porifera tissue layers
- No true tissues
- Cellular level of organisation
Porifera blood system
- No blood system
Porifera gut
- No gut
- Spongocoel cavity
Collar cell in porifera
- Specialised cell in sponges
- structured for filter feeding
- Flagellum causes water current to trap food in a net like collar
Cnidaria nematoblasts
- Stinging cells
- Found on tentacles
- Cells attach, paralyse and hold onto prey
Two body formss of Cnidaria
- Polyp
- Medusa
Common name for Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Example Annelida
- Earthworm
- Leech
- Sea worm
Type of skeletons found in Animalia
Hydrostatic skeleton: Annelida
Excoskeleton: Arthropoda
Endoskeleton: Chordata
Classes of Arthropoda
- Spiders
- Millipede
- Centipede
- Crustaceans
- Insects
Classes of vertebrata
- Mammals
- Fish
- Birds
- Reptiles
- Amphibians
Specialised organs for gas exchange in insects vs fish vs birds birds
tracheae - insects
gills - fish
lungs - birds
/the polysaccharide found in Arthropoda exoskeletons
Chitin
Nematoda
- Roundworms
- Eg. parasitic roundworms in an infected persons intestines
Mollusca
- Snails
- Oysters
- mussels
- Octopi
Echinodermata
- Starfish
- Sea urchins
Biological terms for topside, underside, front and back of bilaterally symmetrical animals
Dorsal (top)
Ventral (under)
Anterior (front)
posterior (back)
Sessile
Attached to a substrate and sedentary
Tissue layers in this embryo?
- Diploblastic
- Ectoderm (outer layer)
- Endoderm (inner layer)
Tissue layers represented in this diagram?
Triploblastic
Ectoderm (outer layer)
Mesoderm (middle layer)
Endoderm (inner layer)
Type of cavity represented in this diagram and why?
- Pseudocoloem
- Cavity between mesoderm and endoderm and not within the mesoderm
Specialised feeding cell called? In what phylum?
- Nematocysts
- Cnidaria
Common name and phylum?
- Earthworm
- Annelida
Common name and phylum?
- Leech
- Annelida
Common name, class and phyllum?
Elephant
Mammal
Chordata
Common name, class and phyllum?
Frog
Amphibian
Chordata
Class and phylum?
Millipede
Arthropoda
