Microbes Flashcards
The DNA of a virus is enclosed by…
A capsid (a protein coat made up of protein capsomeres)
Bacteria general shapes
- Coccus - round
- Bacillus - rod
- Spirillum - curved or twisted
Characteristics of fungi
- Filaments called hyphae
- cell walls containing chitin
- asexual or sexual reproduction
Organisms / cells with a nucleus
Eukaryotes
Three main groups of protista
- Mould-like protista
- Animal-like protozoa (unicellular)
- Plant-like algae
The Kingdom this Slime Mould belongs to:
Protista
Bacteria shape:
Bacilli
Shape of virus:
Spherical virus
The place where viruses replicate
In a host cell
Bacteria shape:
Vibrio
Conjugation
Exchange of genetic information between different bacteria
Kingdom that bacteria are classified in the five kingdom system of classification
Monera
Functions of bacterial glycocalyx
- Protection
- Some also secrete slime layer
- Some form a protective capsule
Bacterial cell envelope
Three layered:
- glycocalyx
- cell wall
- cell membrane
Parts of a bacterial cell:
A: Cell Wall
B: Flagella
C: Bacterial DNA/ nucleoid
Feeding in amoeba
- Heterotrophic
- Engulf food
- Form food vacuoles
Micrometres in a millimetre
1 000
Shape of virus:
Rod-shaped virus
The structure in which spores grow in a bread mould
Sporangia
Reproduction of bacteria
- Asexually
- Binary fission (halving)
- No mitosis (no nucleus to divide)
Bread mould (genus name)
Rhizopus sp.
Viruses are classified by…
- Shape
- Envelope present or absent
- Organism they infect
- Mode of transmission
- Disease they cause
- DNA or RNA
Reproduction in protista
- Asexual (often in harsh environments)
- Sexually by production of gametes
Lysogenic virus cycle
- Nucleic acid of virus replicates at same time as host
- ‘Long term’ relationship
External structures of bacteria
- Flagellae - filaments for swimming
- Fimbriae - fibres for sticking to each other
- Pili - long fibres for conjugation
How viruses replicate
Use host cell enzymes and ribosomes to make more viruses
Structure of fungi
A mycelium made of:
- Feeding hyphae threads
- A longer stolon thread spreading the fungus
- Aerial hyphae supporting sporangia
Endospore of bacterium
- Dormant form of some bacteria
- Able to resist extreme heat or drought.
Prokaryotes
Simple cells with no nucleus or organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts
Branches of the stolon in Rhizopus that penetrate the substrate and anchor the mycelium
rhizoids
The inside core of a virus contains…
- Nucleic acids
- DNA or RNA
Bacteria shape:
Spirilla
Branches of Rhizopus that grow vertically and develop sporangia on their tips
Sporangiophores
Nucleoid of a bacterium
- A long single strand of DNA
- Clumped together
Viral characteristics
- Ultramicroscopic
- Pass through ultra-filters that normally trap microbes
- No metabolic enzymes when outside host
- Replicate only inside hosts (parasites)
- Genetic info as DNA or RNA
Some ways of classifying bacteria
- Cell shape
- Gram positive or negative (does a particular dye penetrate the cell walls or not)
- aerobic or anaerobic
Individual strands of a fungus that make up the mycelium
Hyphae
The outdated system according to which all life are classified into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
The five kingdom system
Name and kingom of this organism:
Rhizopus sp. (black bread mould)
Fungi
Nanmoetres in a millimetre
1 000 000
Bacteria that live in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria
Characteristics of bacteria
- Smallest cells
- Unicellular prokaryotes
- Cell walls contain peptoglycan
- Heterotrophs and some autotrophs
- Some capable of anaerobic respiration
Lytic viral cycle
- Virus enters host and replicates
- Then bursts cell and new viruses released
E.g.’s of viral diseases (at least 3)
- Warts
- common cold
- Influenza
- HIV
- herpes
The mass of interwoven filaments that form the organism that is a mould
mycelium
Organism and classification
Spirogyra
Protist: Algae
Basic structure of a bacterium
- Cell envelope
- Protoplasm
- Nucleoid
Viruses that affect bacteria
Bacteriophage
Shape/type of virus:
Bacteriophage / phage
Name and Kingdom of this chloroplast containing organism:
Euglena sp.
Protista
Bacterial shape:
Cocci
kingdom in which algae and slime moulds are classified in the five kingdom system of classification
Protista
Microbes that are not considered to be living cells
viruses
Asexual reproduction in fungi
- By spores (made by sporangia)
- By budding (especially unicellular fungi)
- By fragmentation
100 um (micrometres) converted to mm
0,1 mm
Millimetres in a metre
1 000
Organism and classification
Amoeba
Protist: Protozoa
Parts of a bacteriophage:
A: head
B: Sheath
C: Tail
Describe aseptate hyphae
- Hyphae that have no cross walls
- Thus the cells share cytoplasm and have multiple nuclei
- E.g. in Rhizopus sp.
