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Gd 11 LS 2020 > Microbes > Flashcards

Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

The DNA of a virus is enclosed by…

A

A capsid (a protein coat made up of protein capsomeres)

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2
Q

Bacteria general shapes

A
  • Coccus - round
  • Bacillus - rod
  • Spirillum - curved or twisted
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3
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • Filaments called hyphae
  • cell walls containing chitin
  • asexual or sexual reproduction
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4
Q

Organisms / cells with a nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Three main groups of protista

A
  • Mould-like protista
  • Animal-like protozoa (unicellular)
  • Plant-like algae
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6
Q

The Kingdom this Slime Mould belongs to:

A

Protista

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7
Q

Bacteria shape:

A

Bacilli

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8
Q

Shape of virus:

A

Spherical virus

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9
Q

The place where viruses replicate

A

In a host cell

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10
Q

Bacteria shape:

A

Vibrio

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11
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchange of genetic information between different bacteria

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12
Q

Kingdom that bacteria are classified in the five kingdom system of classification

A

Monera

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13
Q

Functions of bacterial glycocalyx

A
  • Protection
  • Some also secrete slime layer
  • Some form a protective capsule
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14
Q

Bacterial cell envelope

A

Three layered:

  • glycocalyx
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
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15
Q

Parts of a bacterial cell:

A

A: Cell Wall

B: Flagella

C: Bacterial DNA/ nucleoid

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16
Q

Feeding in amoeba

A
  • Heterotrophic
  • Engulf food
  • Form food vacuoles
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17
Q

Micrometres in a millimetre

A

1 000

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18
Q

Shape of virus:

A

Rod-shaped virus

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19
Q

The structure in which spores grow in a bread mould

A

Sporangia

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20
Q

Reproduction of bacteria

A
  • Asexually
  • Binary fission (halving)
  • No mitosis (no nucleus to divide)
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21
Q

Bread mould (genus name)

A

Rhizopus sp.

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22
Q

Viruses are classified by…

A
  • Shape
  • Envelope present or absent
  • Organism they infect
  • Mode of transmission
  • Disease they cause
  • DNA or RNA
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23
Q

Reproduction in protista

A
  • Asexual (often in harsh environments)
  • Sexually by production of gametes
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24
Q

Lysogenic virus cycle

A
  • Nucleic acid of virus replicates at same time as host
  • ‘Long term’ relationship
25
Q

External structures of bacteria

A
  • Flagellae - filaments for swimming
  • Fimbriae - fibres for sticking to each other
  • Pili - long fibres for conjugation
26
Q

How viruses replicate

A

Use host cell enzymes and ribosomes to make more viruses

27
Q

Structure of fungi

A

A mycelium made of:

  • Feeding hyphae threads
  • A longer stolon thread spreading the fungus
  • Aerial hyphae supporting sporangia
28
Q

Endospore of bacterium

A
  • Dormant form of some bacteria
  • Able to resist extreme heat or drought.
29
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Simple cells with no nucleus or organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts

30
Q

Branches of the stolon in Rhizopus that penetrate the substrate and anchor the mycelium

A

rhizoids

31
Q

The inside core of a virus contains…

A
  • Nucleic acids
  • DNA or RNA
32
Q

Bacteria shape:

A

Spirilla

33
Q

Branches of Rhizopus that grow vertically and develop sporangia on their tips

A

Sporangiophores

34
Q

Nucleoid of a bacterium

A
  • A long single strand of DNA
  • Clumped together
35
Q

Viral characteristics

A
  • Ultramicroscopic
  • Pass through ultra-filters that normally trap microbes
  • No metabolic enzymes when outside host
  • Replicate only inside hosts (parasites)
  • Genetic info as DNA or RNA
36
Q

Some ways of classifying bacteria

A
  • Cell shape
  • Gram positive or negative (does a particular dye penetrate the cell walls or not)
  • aerobic or anaerobic
37
Q

Individual strands of a fungus that make up the mycelium

A

Hyphae

38
Q

The outdated system according to which all life are classified into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

A

The five kingdom system

39
Q

Name and kingom of this organism:

A

Rhizopus sp. (black bread mould)

Fungi

40
Q

Nanmoetres in a millimetre

A

1 000 000

41
Q

Bacteria that live in the absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic bacteria

42
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A
  • Smallest cells
  • Unicellular prokaryotes
  • Cell walls contain peptoglycan
  • Heterotrophs and some autotrophs
  • Some capable of anaerobic respiration
43
Q

Lytic viral cycle

A
  • Virus enters host and replicates
  • Then bursts cell and new viruses released
44
Q

E.g.’s of viral diseases (at least 3)

A
  • Warts
  • common cold
  • Influenza
  • HIV
  • herpes
45
Q

The mass of interwoven filaments that form the organism that is a mould

A

mycelium

46
Q

Organism and classification

A

Spirogyra

Protist: Algae

47
Q

Basic structure of a bacterium

A
  • Cell envelope
  • Protoplasm
  • Nucleoid
48
Q

Viruses that affect bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

49
Q

Shape/type of virus:

A

Bacteriophage / phage

50
Q

Name and Kingdom of this chloroplast containing organism:

A

Euglena sp.

Protista

51
Q

Bacterial shape:

A

Cocci

52
Q

kingdom in which algae and slime moulds are classified in the five kingdom system of classification

A

Protista

53
Q

Microbes that are not considered to be living cells

A

viruses

54
Q

Asexual reproduction in fungi

A
  • By spores (made by sporangia)
  • By budding (especially unicellular fungi)
  • By fragmentation
55
Q

100 um (micrometres) converted to mm

A

0,1 mm

56
Q

Millimetres in a metre

A

1 000

57
Q

Organism and classification

A

Amoeba

Protist: Protozoa

58
Q

Parts of a bacteriophage:

A

A: head

B: Sheath

C: Tail

59
Q

Describe aseptate hyphae

A
  • Hyphae that have no cross walls
  • Thus the cells share cytoplasm and have multiple nuclei
  • E.g. in Rhizopus sp.

Gd 11 LS 2020 (15 decks)

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