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Biochemistry: Block 4 > RNA Structure and Transcription > Flashcards

RNA Structure and Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process by which DNA is converted to any form of RNA?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What are the four major types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA, MicroRNA

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3
Q

What is the most heterogenous type of RNA in size and base seqeunce composition?

A

mRNA

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4
Q

What form of mRNA carries informatino from >1 gene?

A

Polycistronic

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5
Q

What is the function of the 5’ UTR?

A

It regulates and directs translation

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6
Q

What is the function of 3’ UTR?

A

Needed for mRNA stability and regulation by mRNA

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7
Q

What type of RNA has extensive interchain base pairing that creates a characteristic clover-leaf structure?

A

tRNA

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8
Q

What type of RNA serves as an adaptor molecule to bring a specific amino acid to a growing peptide?

A

tRNA

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9
Q

Where on a tRNA molecule is the amino acid bound?

A

3’ end

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10
Q

What part of the tRNA molecule binds to mRNA?

A

Anticodon

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11
Q

What is the term for catalytically active RNA?

A

ribozyme

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12
Q

How many different sizes of rRNA are in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?

A

3; 4

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13
Q

What type of RNA is most abundant in the cell?

A

rRNA

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14
Q

To which DNA sequences do RNA polymerases bing?

A

The promoter

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15
Q

In which direction does RNA synthesis occur?

A

5’–> 3’

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16
Q

What molecules serves as the bases in RNA synthesis?

A

Ribonucleotides

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17
Q

What is the relationship of an mRNA transcript to the template strand and coding strand?

A

Complementary to the template strand and identical to the coding strand

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18
Q

How many prokaryotic RNA Polymerases are there?

A

1

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19
Q

How does prokaryotic RNA Polymerase recognize DNA?

A

Sigma factor

20
Q

Where does the enzymatic activity of RNA Polymerase occur?

A

In the “core enzyme”

21
Q

What are the stages of transcription

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

22
Q

What consensus sequences are located in the prokaryotic promotor region?

A

-35 sequence and -10 sequence (Pribnow Box)

23
Q

What enzyme unwinds DNA during transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

24
Q

What are abortive transcripts?

A

Several short pieces of RNA generated in the initation of RNA transcription that ensures the proper location of RNA polymerase

25
Q

At what point is sigma factor released from the core enzyme of RNA polymerase?

A

Once growing RNA exceeds 10 bases and elongation begins

26
Q

What are the two basic forms of prokaryotic transcription termination?

A

Rho- independent and dependent termination

27
Q

Which form of prokaryotic transcription termination involves the formation of a hairpin structure?

A

Rho-independent termination

28
Q

What characteristic of an RNA sequence allows for the formation of a stem-loop structure?

A

Dyad symmetry

29
Q

What base is found in a series of 8-10 residues in an mRNA transcript utilizing Rho-independent termination?

A

Uracil

30
Q

What type of prokaryotic transcription termination utilizes energy?

A

Rho-dependent termination

31
Q

What kind of protein is Rho?

A

A hexameric adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) with helicase activity

32
Q

What process is inhibited by Rifampicin?

A

Transcription Initiation

33
Q

What is Rifampicin’s mechanism of action?

A

Binds to beta subunit of RNA Pol holoenzyme , inbiting the formation of the first phosphodiester bond

34
Q

What process is inhibited by Dactinomycin?

A

Transcription Elongation

35
Q

What is Dactinomycin’s mechanism of action?

A

Interacts with DNA at the transcriptio initiation complex

36
Q

How many eukaryotic RNA polymerases are there?

A

3

37
Q

What are the functions of the three eukaryotic RNA Polymerases?

A

RNA Pol I- transcribes rRNA; RNA Pol II- transcribes mRNA; RNA Pol III- transcribes tRNA and snRNA

38
Q

What consensus sequences are located in the eukaryotic promoter region?

A

CAAT box (~-70- -80); TATA (Hogness) box (~-25)

39
Q

What allows RNA Pol II to recognize and bind to DNA?

A

General transcription factors

40
Q

What is the term for any factor, protein, or element that is independent of the promoter or gene being regulated?

A

Trans-acting element

41
Q

What is the term for any element that is an integral part of the promoter or gene being regulated?

A

Cis-acting element

42
Q

What is the name of eukaryotic cis-acting non promoter elements that help activate or repress transcription

A

Enhancers

43
Q

What is the mechanism of activation/ repression by enhancers?

A

Enhancers bind additional, specific transcription factors and through DNA looping or bending, they then interact with the transcription initiation complex

44
Q

What is the process by which DNA is interconverted from the closed heterochromatic form to the actively transcribed euchromatic forms?

A

Chromatin Remodeling

45
Q

What is the mechamism of alpha-aminitin?

A

Binds specifically to RNA Pol II and inhibits its ability to process along the DNA

Biochemistry: Block 4 (11 decks)

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