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MD2S3: Molecular Biology > RNA Structure and Function > Flashcards

RNA Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of RNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Noncoding RNA (which edits mRNA to alter gene expression)

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2
Q

Prevalence of each RNA type in the cell

A

80% rRNA
15% tRNA
5% mRNA

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3
Q

The start of the RNA molecule is the ____ end and the termination is the ____ end

A

__5’__
__3’__

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4
Q

How are ribosomes formed?

A

rRNA + Proteins

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5
Q

rRNA
Prokaryotic rRNA has ____ different sizes of RNA

A

3

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6
Q

rRNA
Eukaryotic rRNA has ____ different sizes of RNA

A

4

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7
Q

rRNA
Prokaryotic rRNA sizes

A

23S
16S
5S

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8
Q

rRNA
Eukaryotic rRNA sizes

A

28S
18S
5.8S
5S

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9
Q

rRNA
Process of primary transcript conversion to rRNA in eukaryotes

A

Primary transcript processed into 28S, 18S, 5.8S and 5S rRNAs

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10
Q

rRNA
Components of large ribosomal subunit formation in eukaryotes

A

28S, 5.8S and 5S rRNAs + Ribosomal Protein

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11
Q

rRNA
Size of large ribosomal subunit (rRNA and proteins) in eukaryotes

A

60S

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12
Q

rRNA
Process of small ribosomal subunit formation in eukaryotes

A

18S associates + Ribosomal Proteins

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13
Q

rRNA
Size of small ribosomal subunit (rRNA and proteins) in eukaryotes

A

40S

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14
Q

rRNA
Size of Eukaryotic Ribosome

A

80S

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15
Q

tRNA
Characteristics

A

Exhibit extensive secondary structure
Contain several modified ribonucleotides

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16
Q

tRNA
How are modified ribonucleotides formed?

A

Derived from four normal ribonucleotides

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17
Q

tRNA
Names of hairpin-turn loops

A

TψC Loop
Anticodon Loop
D Loop

18
Q

tRNA
Modified bases of the D loop

A

Methylated Cytosine
Dihydrouridine

19
Q

tRNA
Function of the anticodon loop

A

Recognition of complementary mRNA codons

20
Q

tRNA
Modified bases of the TψC loop

A

Pseudouridine (ψ)

21
Q

tRNA
Structure of Acceptor Stem

A

5’ - … CCA-3’

22
Q

tRNA
Function of Acceptor Stem

A

Ester bond forms between 3’-OH group of Adenosine of tRNA and carboxyl group of amino acid

23
Q

mRNA
Difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA processes

A

Compartmentalization of transcription and translation
Protection at their 5’ and 3’ ends
Processing of mRNAs
Prokaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic and eukaryotic mRNAs are monocistronic

24
Q

mRNA
Compartmentalization of transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes synthesize RNA and proteins in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes separate transcription and translation in nucleus and cytoplasm

25
Q

mRNA
Protection at the 5’ and 3’ ends of eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic mRNA have 5’ cap and 3’ poly(A) tail

26
Q

mRNA
Processing of mRNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotic mRNA is not processed
Eukaryotic mRNA has introns which are spliced out

27
Q

mRNA
Monocistronic vs Polycistronic

A

Prokaryotes have Polycistronic mRNA (multiple proteins from one mRNA)
Eukaryotes have Monocistronic mRNA (one protein formed from each mRNA)

28
Q

Noncoding RNA
Types

A

lncRNAs
miRNAs
siRNAs

29
Q

Noncoding RNA: lncRNA
Length

A

> 200 nucleotides long

30
Q

Noncoding RNA: lncRNA
Function

A

Affects gene regulation by binding to DNA, RNA and proteins
Mediates developmental inactivation of duplicated X chromosomes

31
Q

Noncoding RNA: miRNAs
Length

A

21-25 nucleotides

32
Q

Noncoding RNA: miRNA
Formation

A

Pri-miRNAs transcribed by RNA Polymerase II from noncoding genome segment

33
Q

Noncoding RNA: miRNA
Function

A

Loaded into silencing complex which scans and cleaves mRNA

34
Q

Noncoding RNA: miRNA
Why is mRNA cleaved by miRNA?

A

To downregulate gene expression

35
Q

Noncoding RNA: siRNA
Formation

A

Processed from double-stranded RNAs in the cytoplasm

36
Q

Noncoding RNA: siRNA
Origin of double stranded RNA in cytoplasm

A

Viral RNAs
Part of innate cellular immunity

37
Q

Noncoding RNA: siRNA
Purpose of siRNA

A

RNA intereference (RNAi)

38
Q

Noncoding RNA: siRNA
What is RNA interference?

A

siRNA binds to the mRNA to stop translation

39
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

RNA molecules acting as enzymes

40
Q

Example of ribozymes

A

Large ribosomal subunit (23S in prokaryotes and 28S in eukaryotes)
Ribonuclease P (essential endonuclease)
Spliceosome (converts primary transcript to mature mRNA)
Introns

MD2S3: Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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