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Virology > RNA - Rhabdoviridae > Flashcards

RNA - Rhabdoviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology of Rhabdoviridae

A

enveloped with spikes.

bullet shaped

Helically coiled cylindrical nucleocapsid

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2
Q

what does the L protein do?

A

(1) L protein: Large protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcriptase)

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3
Q

what does the G protein do?

A

(2) G protein: Glycoprotein that forms the envelope spikes

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4
Q

What does the N protein do?

A

(3) N protein: Nucleoprotein, associates with RNA to form the viral nucleocapsid

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5
Q

What does the P protein do?

A

(4) P protein: Phosphoprotein that mediates binding of L protein to the nucleocapsid

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6
Q

What does the M protein do?

A

(5) M protein: Matrix protein, associates with the viral nucleocapsid and lipid envelope

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7
Q

T/F: Rhabdoviridae had 4 genera.

A

False. They have 6. We only care about 4

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8
Q

How many genotypes are in Lyssaviruses? What’s the most important?

A
  • 11
  • Most important member of this genus: Rabies virus, genotype-1 Lyssavirus
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9
Q

Who injected dried, potassium hydroxide treated, infected rabbit brain material in two boys bitten by rabid dogs and both of them recovered?

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Etiology of Rabies?

A

Lyssavirus

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11
Q

Which countries are in the no risk category for Rabies?

A

Japan, Singapore, New Zealand, Antarctica, and many Caribbean islands

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12
Q

Which animals are highly susceptible to rabies?

A

Domestic cats and cattle

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13
Q

which animals are moderately susceptible to rabies?

A

Dogs, sheep, goat, horses, primates, and humans

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14
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A
  • Bite or scratch. its in the saliva or neurological tissues
  • Aerosol has been documented
  • Tranplants have been recorded in humans (liver, kidney, pancreas)
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15
Q

T/F: Dogs are dead end hosts for Rabies

A

False. it is the main reservoir

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16
Q

The urban cycle of rabies fominates where?

A

Africa, Asia, South and Central America

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17
Q

The sylvatic cycleis dominant where?

A

Europe and North America

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18
Q

What are the dead end hosts of Rabies?

A

cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and humans

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19
Q

What is the most important wildlife reservoir of rabies?

A

Bats!

 In many bats, the infection is asymptomatic

 Rabid bats may develop paresis or paralysis, or may be disoriented, or may sometimes show aggression

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20
Q

Insectivorus bats with rabies is reported where?

A

North America.

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21
Q

Vampire bats with rabies are reported where?

A

Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America.

 In Latin America, about 250,000 to 500,000 cases of cattle rabies annually are attributed to vampire bats

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22
Q

Fruit bats with rabies are reported where?

A

Australia

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23
Q

Which wildlife animal account for most cases of cattle rabies?

A

Skunks

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24
Q

Which animal has been most important in the perpetuation of wildlife rabies in the central regions of USA.

A

Skunks

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25
Q

Which animal continues to be the most frequently

reported rabid wildlife species?

A

Raccoons

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26
Q

T/F: Red fox carries rabies

A

True

27
Q

Look at notes for Pathogenesis of Rabies.

A

Know ALL the THINGS!

28
Q

T/F: After intranasal exposure, the virus commonly enters the trigeminal nerves and ganglia in its course to the CNS.

A

False. This can happen but uncommon

29
Q

The virus reaches the limbic system where it replicates extensively, leading to what form of rabies?

A

the “furious” form of rabies.

30
Q

The virus spreads within the CNS continues, with replication in the neuro-cortex, resulting in what form of rabies?

A

the “dumb” or “paralytic” form of rabies.

31
Q

T/F: the rabies virus moves centrifugally from the CNS down the peripheral nerves to a variety of organs including the adrenal cortex, pancreas and the salivary glands (via cranial nerves) in early infection.

Extenisive replication leads to high concentration in saliva

A

False. In late infection

32
Q

T/F:

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses normally cannot be detected during the time the rabies virus moves from site of bite to the CNS.

A

True

33
Q

T/F: Neurons express MHC class I proteins.

A

False.

Neurons do not express MHC class I proteins. Also, rabies infection is non-cytopathic in muscles and nerve cells. Therefore, very little antigen is released to stimulate host defense mechanisms.

34
Q

T/F: Antibodies against rabies virus appear in serum and later in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after neurological signs appear.

A

True

35
Q

What does the incubation period of rabies depend on?

A
  • dose of inoculated virus
  • strain of virus
  • site of bite
  • degree of innervation. 

Side note:

Closer site of bite to brain, shorter the incubation period.

Higher the degree of innervation at site of bite, shorter the incubation period.

36
Q

What are the clinical forms of rabies?

A
  • Prodromal
  • Acute excitative (Furious form)
    • MAD DOG SYNDROME and HYDROPHOBIA
  • Paralytic/endstage (Dumb form
    • PARALYSIS

See ppt for more details

37
Q

How do you diagnose Rabies?

A

Direct FAT to demonstrate rabies antigen in touch impressions of brain tissue.

Negri bodies

RT-PCR

intracerebral inoculation of weanling mice - develop encephalitis within 14 days

38
Q

How do rabies free countries control rabies?

A

Rabies free countries: Quarantine involving segregation of dogs and cats in licensed premises for 6 months.

39
Q

How do endemic countries control rabies?

A

Endemic countries: Vaccination of dogs and cats; wildlife vaccination

40
Q

Recommendation after animal has been exposed to rabies?

A
  • Previously Unvaccinated: Euthanize immediately, or quarantine in secure enclosure for 6 months; vaccinate 1 month before release.
  • Vaccinated, but not current: Evaluate case-on-case basis
  • Vaccination, current: Revaccinate immediately and keep under owner’s control for 45days
41
Q

What is used to control wild life rabies?

A

Bait vaccines

42
Q

Etiology of Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

Vesiculovirus

The disease is caused by a group of antigenically related, but distinct viruses. No cross-protection among the different serotypes

43
Q

What are the most important types of vesiculovirus?

A

Indiana serotype [subtypes: Fort Lupton, Alagaos, and Coccal

New Jersey serotype: The New Jersey serotype is more virulent and has the widest distribution.

44
Q

Host of vesiculovirus

A
  • Mostly cattle, pigs, and horses in the Americas. Occasionally sheep and goats
  • Influenza-like disease in Humans
45
Q

Where does Vesiculo Stomatitis often occur?

A

Americas and Caribbean

46
Q

How is vesiculo stomatitis transmitted and routes of infection?

A

breaks in the mucosa or skin

Routes:

Contact with contaminated milking machines [teat and udder lesions]

Chewing or ingestion of contaminated fomites [mouth lesions]

Arthropods

47
Q

T/F: biological transmission by arthropods is believed to be more significant than mechanical transmission

A

False

48
Q

Disease in Cattle?

  • Excess salivation and fever often are the first signs of infection in cattle and horses
  • Vesicles that develop on the tongue, the oral mucosa, teats, and coronary bands of cattle rapidly rupture to leave extensive ulcers that quickly become secondarily infected.
  • These lesions may cause profuse salivation and anorexia, lameness, and rejection of suckling calves.
A

vesicular stomatitis

49
Q

What is most pronounced clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis in horses?

A

In horses, tongue lesions

50
Q

What is most pronounced clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis in swine?

A

vesicular lesions are most common on the snout and coronary bands.

lameness too

51
Q

T/F: In humans, vesicular stomatitis is a self-limiting influenza-like disease (headache, fever, myalgia, and weakness) lasting for 3-5 days.

A

True

52
Q

T/F:

 Vesicular stomatitis is clinically distinguishable from other vesicular diseases of cattle and pigs, including foot-and-mouth disease (cattle & pigs), Swine vesicular disease (SVD), & and vesicular exanthema of swine .

A

False

53
Q

How do you diagnose vesicular stomatitis in horses?

A

Vesicular lesions in horses are characteristic only of vesicular stomatitis

54
Q

T/F: Vesicular stomatitis is not reportable

A

False

55
Q

Etiology of Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF)

A

bovine ephemerovirus

56
Q

T/F: BEF has been reported in North America

A

false

57
Q

Transmission of BEF?

A

Arthropod-borne

Believed to include Culicoides spp. and possibly mosquitoes

58
Q

Which disease is associated wth the buffy coat fraction of blood?

A

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

59
Q

What is left shift? And in which disease?

A

early neutrophilia with abnormal level of immature neutrophils in the circulation

BEF

60
Q

T/F: In BEF there is an decrease in plasma fibrinogen and a significant increase in plasma calcium.

A

False. There is an increase in plasma fibrinogen and a significant decrease in plasma calcium.

61
Q

Disease in Cattle?

Fever, which is often biphasic, triphasic or polyphasic.

Inappetence, excessive salivation, serous nasal discharge, drooling, increased heart rate, dyspnea, stiffness and lameness, and a sudden decrease in milk yield.

A

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

62
Q

How long does it take to recover from BEF?

A
  • Recovery is dramatic and usually complete in 3 days [2-5 days]
  • Some animals may become recumbent and paralyzed for 8 hr to >1 wk.
63
Q

how do you diagnose BEF?

A

inoculation of infected buffy coat cells into cell cultures derived from Aedes albopictus, or IC inoculation of sucking mice.

Virology (5 decks)

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