RM: other

Question 2

observational design (Structured)

Answer 2

record pre-determined list of behaviours + sampling methods
- used if there is too much going on in a single observation

Question 3

observational design (Unstructured)

Answer 3

• when researcher records everything they see
• used when observations are small + involve few ppts

Question 4

behavioural categories

Answer 4

when a target behaviour is broken up into components that are observable + measurable

Question 5

outline 3 main sampling methods

Answer 5

continuous recording, time sampling, event sampling

Question 6

continuous recording

Answer 6

• commonly used in unstructured observations

Question 7

event sampling

Answer 7

counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs in a target group

Question 8

time sampling

Answer 8

involves recording behaviour within a preestablished time frame

Question 9

AO3 for structured observations

Answer 9

• quantitive data - easy to analyse
• producing data is easier + more systematic

Question 10

AO3 for unstructured observations

Answer 10

• qualitative data - more detail
• greater risk of observer bias - may only record behaviours that ‘catch their eye’

Question 11

AO3 for behavioural categories

Answer 11

• can make data collection more structured and objective
• should be no ‘dustbin’ category where many different behaviours are deposited

Question 12

self report technique

Answer 12

any method where person is asked to state/ explain their own feeling, opinions, behaviours etc

Question 13

questionaries

Answer 13

set of prewritten questions used to assess a persons thoughts and/or experiences

Question 14

open questions (in a questionnaire)

Answer 14

• do not include fixed range of answers
• produce more qualitative data
• rich in detail but harder to analyse

Question 15

closed questions (in a questionnaire)

Answer 15

• offers fixed number of responses
• easier to analyse but may lack depth + detail

Question 16

strengths of questionnaires

Answer 16

• cost effective - gather large amount of data quickly as they can be distributed to many people
• data easier to analyse

Question 17

limitations of questionnaires

Answer 17

• respondents may not always be truthful - social desirability bias
• acquiescence bias - respondents agree with Q’s regardless of context

Question 18

Interviews

Answer 18

face to face interactions where interviewer asks a set of questions to assess respondents thoughts, behaviours etc

Question 19

what are the 3 types of interviews

Answer 19

structured interviews, semi structured interviews and unstructured interviews

Question 20

structured interviews

Answer 20

predetermined questions asked in a set order

Question 21

unstructured interviews

Answer 21

• works like a conversation
  aim is that a general topic will be discussed
• no set questions

Question 22

semi structured interviews

Answer 22

list of predetermined questions for interviewers to ask but an ask follow up questions

Question 23

AO3 for structured interviews

Answer 23

• easy to replicate due to standardised format
• interviews cannot deviate from topic - may be fustrating

Question 24

AO3 for unstructured interviews

Answer 24

• more flexibility
• possibility of social desirability bias

Question 25

what are the 3 types of ‘closed questions’ in a questionnaire

Answer 25

Likert scale, rating scales, fixed choice option

Question 26

likert scale

Answer 26

respondents indicate agreement /disagreement with a statement using a scale of typically 5 points.
- strongly agree - strongly disagree

Question 27

rating scales

Answer 27

similar to likert scale
- respondents identify a value that represents their feelings of a particular topic
i.e. 1-5

Question 28

fixed choice options

Answer 28

includes a list of possible options -
- respondents are required to indicate those that apply to them

Question 29

What is jargon

Answer 29

Refers to technical terms that are only familiar to those within a specialised area or field
- must be avoided in creating questions

Question 30

Outline common errors in question design that should be avoided when possible

Answer 30

Overuse of jargon
Emotive language
Leading questions
Double negatives

Question 31

What is a correlation

Answer 31

A mathematical technique in which a researcher investigates an association between 2 variables

Question 32

What are the 3 types of correlations

Answer 32

Positive correlations
Negative correlations
Zero correlation- no relationship between variables

Question 33

Difference between experiment and correlation

Answer 33

experiment - researcher controls/
manipulate IV to measure effect on DV
In a correlation there is not manipulation of one variable

Question 34

Strengths of correlations

Answer 34

• provide a precise measure of how two variables are related
• can be used as a starting point for conducting research
• relatively quick and economical to carry out

Question 35

Limitations of correlations

Answer 35

• can only tell us how variables are related but not why

Question 36

What is standard deviation

Answer 36

Measure of dispersion in a set of scores
Calculates difference between each score + mean
All differences are added up + divided by number of scores = variance
Standard deviation = square root of variance