RM: other Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

observational design (Structured)

A

record pre-determined list of behaviours + sampling methods
- used if there is too much going on in a single observation

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3
Q

observational design (Unstructured)

A
  • when researcher records everything they see
  • used when observations are small + involve few ppts
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4
Q

behavioural categories

A

when a target behaviour is broken up into components that are observable + measurable

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5
Q

outline 3 main sampling methods

A

continuous recording, time sampling, event sampling

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6
Q

continuous recording

A
  • commonly used in unstructured observations
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7
Q

event sampling

A

counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs in a target group

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8
Q

time sampling

A

involves recording behaviour within a preestablished time frame

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9
Q

AO3 for structured observations

A
  • quantitive data - easy to analyse
  • producing data is easier + more systematic
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10
Q

AO3 for unstructured observations

A
  • qualitative data - more detail
  • greater risk of observer bias - may only record behaviours that ‘catch their eye’
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11
Q

AO3 for behavioural categories

A
  • can make data collection more structured and objective
  • should be no ‘dustbin’ category where many different behaviours are deposited
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12
Q

self report technique

A

any method where person is asked to state/ explain their own feeling, opinions, behaviours etc

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13
Q

questionaries

A

set of prewritten questions used to assess a persons thoughts and/or experiences

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14
Q

open questions (in a questionnaire)

A
  • do not include fixed range of answers
  • produce more qualitative data
  • rich in detail but harder to analyse
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15
Q

closed questions (in a questionnaire)

A
  • offers fixed number of responses
  • easier to analyse but may lack depth + detail
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16
Q

strengths of questionnaires

A
  • cost effective - gather large amount of data quickly as they can be distributed to many people
  • data easier to analyse
17
Q

limitations of questionnaires

A
  • respondents may not always be truthful - social desirability bias
  • acquiescence bias - respondents agree with Q’s regardless of context
18
Q

Interviews

A

face to face interactions where interviewer asks a set of questions to assess respondents thoughts, behaviours etc

19
Q

what are the 3 types of interviews

A

structured interviews, semi structured interviews and unstructured interviews

20
Q

structured interviews

A

predetermined questions asked in a set order

21
Q

unstructured interviews

A
  • works like a conversation
    aim is that a general topic will be discussed
  • no set questions
22
Q

semi structured interviews

A

list of predetermined questions for interviewers to ask but an ask follow up questions

23
Q

AO3 for structured interviews

A
  • easy to replicate due to standardised format
  • interviews cannot deviate from topic - may be fustrating
24
Q

AO3 for unstructured interviews

A
  • more flexibility
  • possibility of social desirability bias
25
what are the 3 types of 'closed questions' in a questionnaire
Likert scale, rating scales, fixed choice option
26
likert scale
respondents indicate agreement /disagreement with a statement using a scale of typically 5 points. - strongly agree - strongly disagree
27
rating scales
similar to likert scale - respondents identify a value that represents their feelings of a particular topic i.e. 1-5
28
fixed choice options
includes a list of possible options - - respondents are required to indicate those that apply to them
29
What is jargon
Refers to technical terms that are only familiar to those within a specialised area or field - must be avoided in creating questions
30
Outline common errors in question design that should be avoided when possible
Overuse of jargon Emotive language Leading questions Double negatives
31
What is a correlation
A mathematical technique in which a researcher investigates an association between 2 variables
32
What are the 3 types of correlations
Positive correlations Negative correlations Zero correlation- no relationship between variables
33
Difference between experiment and correlation
experiment - researcher controls/ manipulate IV to measure effect on DV In a correlation there is not manipulation of one variable
34
Strengths of correlations
- provide a precise measure of how two variables are related - can be used as a starting point for conducting research - relatively quick and economical to carry out
35
Limitations of correlations
- can only tell us how variables are related but not why
36
What is standard deviation
Measure of dispersion in a set of scores Calculates difference between each score + mean All differences are added up + divided by number of scores = variance Standard deviation = square root of variance