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Fall 2024 Semester > RM Exam 2 > Flashcards

RM Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A stimulus or aspect of the environment that the experimenter directly manipulates to determine it’s influences on behavior. (“Cause” of cause/effect)

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2
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

A response or behavior that the experimenter measures. Changes in the DV should be cause by manipulation of the IV. (“Effect” of cause/effect)

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3
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Undesired variables that may operate to influence the DV and thus invalidate an experiment.

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4
Q

What does it mean for a hypothesis to be in “general implication form?”

A

It’s when the hypothesis is phrased like an if, then statement.

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5
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

When there is a prediction of a specific outcome of an experiment.

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6
Q

What is a nondirectional hypothesis?

A

When a hypothesis does not have a specific prediction

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7
Q

What are the methods we use to “control” for extraneous variables?

A

Randomization, elimination, constancy, and counterbalancing

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8
Q

What is randomization?

A

A control technique that ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment.

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9
Q

What is elimination?

A

A control technique in which an extraneous variable is completely removed from an experiment.

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10
Q

What is constancy?

A

A control technique in which an extraneous variable is reduced to a single value that is experienced by all participants

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11
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

A procedure for controlling order effects by presenting different treatment sequences

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12
Q

What is within-subject counterbalancing?

A

Presentation of different treatment sequences to the same participant

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13
Q

What is within-group counterbalancing?

A

Presentation of different treatment sequences to different participants

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14
Q

Why does having more participants in a study give more accurate results?

A

Because it eliminates the possibility of “extreme scorers” influencing the score a bit

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15
Q

How does one reduce experimenter effects on a study?

A

By standardizing methods, appearance, and attitude of the experimenter. You can also use single/double-blind studies.

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16
Q

What is a single-blind experiment?

A

An experiment where either the experimenter or participants are unaware of the treatment the participants are receiving.

17
Q

What is a double-blind experiment?

A

An experiment where neither the experiment nor the participants know what treatment the participants are getting.

18
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Features of the experiment that inadvertantly lead participants to respond in a particular manner.

19
Q

What is the good participant effect?

A

The tendency of participants to behave as they perceive the experimenter wants them to behave.

20
Q

What is the rosenthal effect?

A

When the experimenter’s preconceived idea of appropriate responding influences the treatment of participants and their behavior

21
Q

What is internal validity?

A

It’s when you consider whether the IV is the only possible explanation for your DV.

22
Q

What is history? (The threat to internal validity)

A

Refers to events that occur between the DV measurements in a repeated-measures design

23
Q

What is maturation?

A

Refers to changes in participants that occur over time during an experiment; could include actual physical maturation or tiredness, boredom, hunger, and so on

24
Q

What is practice effect?

A

A positive effect that occurs when measuring the DV causes a change in the DV (because of practice)

25
Q

What are reactive measures?

A

DV measures that actually change the DV being measured

26
Q

What is instrumentation?

A

Occurs if the equipment or human measuring the DV changes the measuring criterion over time.

27
Q

What is statistical regression?

A

Occurs when low scorers improve or high scorers fail on a second administration of a test solely as a result of statistical reasons

28
Q

What is selection?

A

Occurs if participants are chosen in such a way that the groups are not equal before the experiment

29
Q

What is mortality?

A

Occurs if experimental participants from different groups drop out of the experiment at different rates

30
Q

What is external validity?

A

Examines if the experimental results are generalizable to a wider audience

31
Q

What is population generalization?

A

Applying the results from an experiment to a group of participants that is different and more encompassing than those used in the original experiment

32
Q

What is enviormental generalization?

A

Applying the results from an experiment to a situation or environment that differs from the original experiment

33
Q

What is temporal generalization?

A

Applying the results from an experiment to a time that is different from the time when the original experiment was conducted.

34
Q

What is interaction of testing and treatment?

A

Occurs when a pretest sensitizes participants the treatment yet to come

35
Q

What is interaction of selection and treatment?

A

Occurs when a treatment effect is found only for A specific sample of participants

36
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

A researcher’s sampling of participants based on ease of locating the participants; often it does not involve true random selection

37
Q

What is statistics?

A

The branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

38
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

Procedures used to summarize a set of data

39
Q

What is inferential statistics?

A

Procedures used to analyze data after an experiment is completed in order to determine whether the IV has a significant effect.

Fall 2024 Semester (3 decks)

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