RM booklet 2

Question 1

Three areas of psychology that impact the economy

Answer 1

Effective psychotherapy EWT research Attachment

Question 2

How does effective psychotherapy effect the economy

Answer 2

10% of population will spend time in a mental institute 1 in 3 will seek help for mental health Making sure effective psychotherapy is provided will increase the ability of people, meaning they can stay in work

Question 3

How does EWT research effect the economy

Answer 3

If an EWT is more accurate it leads to more reliable evidence which leads to a lower chance of court cases falling apart, court cases are expensive

Question 4

How does attachment effect the economy

Answer 4

Increasingly fathers remain at home and therefore contribute less to the economy. Consequently more mothers may return to work and contribute to the economy.Changing laws on paternity leave - gov. funded so affects the economy and the impact this has on employers.

Question 5

What is a self report

Answer 5

A method of gathering data where participants provide information about themselves without interference from the experimenter.

Question 6

Example of a self report x2

Answer 6

Survey and questionnaire

Question 7

What does an open question allow

Answer 7

respondents to answer in their own words - this produces qualitative data.

Question 8

What is this an example of ‘describe your child’s behaviour’

Answer 8

A question that will yield qualitative data An open question

Question 9

One adv of open questions

Answer 9

Provides rich and detailed data

Question 10

One disadv of open questions

Answer 10

Difficult to statistically analyse

Question 11

One adv of closed question

Answer 11

Easier to statistically analyse

Question 12

One disadv of closed question

Answer 12

Don’t allow for detail

Question 13

Why is internal validity compromised in surveys

Answer 13

Social desirability Respondents may try to create a favourable impression of themselvesData will not reflect the true picture

Question 14

Why is population validity lowered by sampling biases

Answer 14

The representativeness of the sample can sometimes be reduced dependent on how the questionnaire is distributed and the sampling technique employed

Question 15

What will happen in a structured interview

Answer 15

the interviewer will mostly ask questions that have been pre-written

Question 16

What will happen in an unstructured interview

Answer 16

The interviewer will have very few predetermined questions; rather they will have a number of topics they want to explore.

Question 17

How can interviews be more helpful then surveys

Answer 17

As they can also identify body language and other non-verbal behaviours.

Question 18

3 disadvantages of interviews

Answer 18

1) time consuming 2) hard to statistically analyse 3) May lack internal validity as pts answer in accordance to a social desirability bias

Question 19

3 advantages of interviews

Answer 19

1) Allow detailed info to be obtained as use both open and closed questions2) Psychologist can also judge body lang/ non-verbal behaviours 3) Combo of both unstructured and structured interviews encourages participants to be honest and allows them to express themselves whilst at same time allowing the researcher to analyse the responses using graphs- increases validity

Question 20

Four key features of field experiments

Answer 20

1) Conducted in a more natural environment2) Deliberate manipulation of the IV3) Measures the DV4) Experimenter controls some of the extraneous variables

Question 21

What happens in a natural experiment

Answer 21

the researcher makes use of naturally occurring situational variables.E.g covid

Question 22

What happens in a quasi experiment

Answer 22

the researcher makes use of a naturally occurring participant (internal / dispositional) variable.E.g gender

Question 23

Two advantage of independent measures

Answer 23

It is fairly easy to run and can be used in a wide range of situations.- quick The will be no problems with order effects. Where the p’s performance in the second condition (B) may be affected (positively or negatively) by their performance in the first condition (A), due to tiredness, boredom or practice.

Question 24

Two disadvantages of independent measure

Answer 24

There may be important individual differences between the participants. Random Allocation should be used to eliminate this.A fairly large sample is required as each participant is only used once.

Question 25

Two advantages of repeated measures

Answer 25

It requires fewer participants.There is no risk of individual differences confounding the results of the study.

Question 26

What is counterbalancing

Answer 26

Where the group of pts are split in two and perform the task in a different order.Ensures the each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts

Question 27

How are partcicpants matched in a matched pairs design

Answer 27

By doing a pre-test

Question 28

Two advantages on a match pairs design

Answer 28

There are no order effects. There is a much more reduced risk of individual differences between the participants in each condition confounding the results of the study

Question 29

Two disadvantages of matched pairs

Answer 29

Matching pairs is time-consuming and expensive, requiring a large number of participants to begin with. It can be difficult to ensure that the pairs are matched as adequately as needed.

Question 30

Three advantages of case studies

Answer 30

Rich detail Sometimes the only option – Sometimes behaviour is so rare it is limited to a few people in the world. Can successfully refute established theories

Question 31

Three disadvantages of case studies

Answer 31

Not representative – Results can obviously not be generalised to other people. Researcher bias – It is possible the researcher feels very passionate about the area they research. .Reliance on memory – Most case studies will get the participant to look over their lifespan in order to get a full view of the unique behaviour. This involves memory which is notoriously unreliable.

Question 32

What is content analysis

Answer 32

Content analysis involves quantifying qualitative data through coding units (like coding schemes in observations).

Question 33

Four ways to qualify quantitative data

Answer 33

Word – The number of slang words usedTheme – The amount of violence on TVCharacter – The number of female commentators there are on sports TV showsTime and space – The amount of time and space dedicated to eating disorders (on TV or newspapers)

Question 34

Two strengths on content analysis

Answer 34

Ease of application – Very easy to perform, cheap and non-invasive. You don’t even need to recruit participants for them!Complements other methods – Can be used in conjunction with other methods to add validity to results.

Question 35

Three weaknesses on content analysis

Answer 35

Descriptive – Content analysis is effectively turning qualitative data into quantitative data, so an obvious weakness would be that we find out what, but not why. Flawed results – results may not be able to be applied or reflective of society. For example, negative events get more coverage, but this is not necessarily reflective. Low in reliability – A different researcher may interpret other codes that should be counted, so a content analysis will not always produce the same codes or results, therefore they can be low in reliability.

Question 36

How is thematic analysis carried out

Answer 36

It is done by identifying trends within the data and slowly adjusting the trends as you get further into the dataset.It involves analysing every word in a qualitative piece of data and arranging them into these changing themes.

Question 37

Six steps of thematic analysis

Answer 37

1. Familiarisation with the data – involves intensely reading the data, becoming immersed in the data.2. Coding – involves generating codes/labels that identify features of the data important to answering the research question. 3. Searching for themes – involves examining the codes/labels and determining if there are themes within the dataset. 4. Reviewing themes – checking the potential themes against the data. Themes are refined, with the researcher sometimes splitting or discarding one.5. Defining and naming themes – detailed analysis of each theme and creating a name that encapsulates the theme6. Writing up – involves combining together the information to write up the research.

Question 38

Two weaknesses of thematic analysis

Answer 38

Very subjective- researchers have to create their own themes - may make it unreliable Hard work