Bio psych- the nervous system

Question 1

What is the peripheral nervous system split up into?

Answer 1

Somatic and autonomic

Question 2

What is the central nervous system split up into?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

How do Reflex Arcs work?Hint- there are 4 steps

Answer 3

1)Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature).
2)Sensory neuron sends electrical impulses to a relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord of the CNS.
3)Motor neuron sends electrical impulses to an effector.
4)Effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away.

Question 4

very brief5 step reflex arc in order

5 step reflex arc in order

Answer 4

1)sensor
2)sensory neuron
3)control center (spinal cord/relay neuron)
4)motor neuron
5)muscle (effector)

Question 5

SNS is made up of ___ cranial nerves

Answer 5

12

Question 6

SNS is made up of ___ spinal nerves

Answer 6

31

Question 7

What does the SNS do (brief one sentence)

Answer 7

Connects the CNS to our senses

Question 8

2 main components of SNS

Answer 8

Sensory and motor

Question 9

What is the purpose of the sensory component- afferent pathways of the SNS

Answer 9

To transmit and receive information from the senses such as visual information from the eyes and auditory information from the ears to brain (sensory neurons).

Question 10

What do the motor components of the SNS control | efferent pathways

Answer 10

direct voluntary movement of skeletal muscles that orchestrate all of our movements from brain (motor neurons)

Question 11

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible:

Answer 11

Responsible for functions that keep the body in a stable state (homeostasis)

Question 12

Control centre of the ANS

Answer 12

Top of the brain stem (hypothalamus and pituitary)

Question 13

2 branches of the ANS

Answer 13

1) sympathetic branch
2) parasympathetic branch

Question 14

What does the do Sympathetic branch

Answer 14

Activates and prepares body for rapid action when exposed to threats.Slows down other non-essential processes that consume energy e.g digestion

Question 15

What does the parasympathetic branch do

Answer 15

Tries to store and conserve resources once the emergency has passed. Returns the body to a normal/balanced statedFor example, slows down heart rate.

Question 16

3 key differences between the ANS and SNS

Answer 16

1) ANS is involuntary whereas the SNS is under conscious control
2) SNS has both sensory and motor neurons
3) ANS controls internal organs/ glands of the body, while the SNS controls skeletal muscle, and movement etc

Question 17

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 17

Chemicals that are released from neurons and allow them to communicate with each other, and relay messages to different areas/structure

Question 18

Synaptic transmission| 7 steps

Answer 18

1)Dendrite picks up the message (the NT) it sends an action potential through the cell body and along the axon to the terminal buttons
2)Once potential has arrived at the terminal buttons at the end of the axon, it needs to be transferred to another neuron. Must cross the synaptic gap.
3)At the end of the terminal buttons there are synaptic vesicles that contain and store NTs. These NT are chemical messengers that convert the electrical impulse to a chemical message that’s transferred to the next neuron
4)As the impulse (action potential) travelling to the end of the neuron reaches the synaptic vesicle, they release the NT that then crosses the synaptic gap. 5)As the NT diffuses across the synaptic gap it binds to specialised receptors on dendrites of the next cell that recognise it and match that particular cell.
6)Once the next cell is activated the receptor molecules produce either an excitatory effect (that strengthens further impulses) or inhibitory effect (that weakens further impulses) at a post synaptic level. 7)Synaptic transmission is completed (in a fraction of a second) by a process called re-uptake. This is where the NT is taken back up / recycled by the presysnaptic neuron.

Question 19

What does the endocrine system do with and example

Answer 19

The endocrine system functions to secrete hormones in the blood stream to regulate many of our bodily functions. Works with the nervous system to coordinate physiological processes E.g releases melatonin from the pineal gland that induces sleepiness and relaxation

Question 20

How does the endocrine system work

Answer 20

Provides a chemical system of communication via bloodstream It’s a network of glands spread throughout the body that manufacture and secrete chem messages throughout the body.DOES NOT USE NERVES

Question 21

Growth hormones target organ

Answer 21

Anterior pituitary

Question 22

Adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH) target organ

Answer 22

Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

Question 23

When is the fight or flight activated

Answer 23

When we are exposed to a short term threat

Question 24

What happens when the body appraises a situation-fight or flight

Answer 24

Hippocampus and amygdala try to recognise emotional reactions to stimuli and access stored memory of potential danger

Question 25

What happens if a situation is appraised as potentially stressful- fight or flight response

Answer 25

The hypothalamus is alerted, SAM pathway activated

Question 26

Effects of adrenalin

Answer 26

1) increased perspiration to balance body temp
2) increased heart rate for increased blood flow
3) pale complexion as blood is diverted from surface of skin to internal organs
4) increased pupil dilation for improved vision field

Question 27

What are the 7 steps of synaptic transmission -brief version, please see notes for further detail

Answer 27

1) dendrite picks up the NT and sends an action potential to the terminal button
2) Once AP has arrived, it needs to be transferred by another neurone- it must pass the synaptic gap
3) At the end of the terminal buttons are synaptic vesicles
4) The synaptic vesicles release the NT that can then cross the synaptic gap
5) As NT diffuses across the synaptic gap, it binds to specialised receptors on the surface of the next cell, that recognise it and match that particular cell
6) Once next cell is activated an excitatory or inhibitory effect is produced
7) Synaptic transmission is repeated by a process called re-uptake

Question 28

What are the first 3 steps of synaptic transmission-brief

Answer 28

1) dendrite picks up the NT and sends an action potential to the terminal button
2) Once AP has arrived, it needs to be transferred by another neurone- it must pass the synaptic gap
3) At the end of the terminal buttons are synaptic vesicles

Question 29

What are the last 4 steps of synaptic transmission -brief

Answer 29

4) The synaptic vesicles release the NT that can then cross the synaptic gap
5) As NT diffuses across the synaptic gap, it binds to specialised receptors on the surface of the next cell, that recognise it and match that particular cell
6) Once next cell is activated an excitatory or inhibitory effect is produced
7) Synaptic transmission is repeated by a process called re-uptake