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KAJ Geography AS > Rivers KQ1 > Flashcards

Rivers KQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name all the inputs in a slope system?

A

Gravity
Precipitation
Frost
Human activity - building

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2
Q

Name all the factors in a slope system?

A

Type of surface and vegetation
Soil depth and type
Geology
Vegetation

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2
Q

Name the erosional processes?

A 
Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic action
Solution
Cavitation
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3
Q

What is critical erosion velocity?

A

Removal of the bed and bank and the flow increases until there is a point of balance between the moving and resisting forces.

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4
Q

Where does deposition occur?

A

Anywhere where the river does not have enough energy to transport material.

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5
Q

What is deposition within a channel called?

A

Agridation

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6
Q

What is deposition after floods called?

A

Overbank deposits

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7
Q

What does a rivers energy depend on?

A

Vertical distance to the sea at any point - potential energy
Discharge
Kinetic energy

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8
Q

Where does most of the rivers kinetic energy go?

A

It is lost through heat due to friction 95%

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9
Q

What does a greater velocity mean?

A

Greater energy meaning a faster flowing river that transports lots of material.

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10
Q

What is a denunciation slope?

A

There is a net loss of material because the transporting processes are too fast for any material to accumulate.

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11
Q

What is a transportation slope?

A

There is an equilibrium there is no loss or gain of material as the transport and accumulation levels are similar.

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12
Q

What is an accumulation slope?

A

There is a net gain of material as weathered material accumulates quicker than it can be removed by the transportation processes.

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13
Q

What factors affect weathering in river valleys?

A

Climate - chemical weathering increases by 2-3x and fluctuating temps = freeze thaw or heating and coooling.
Geological structure - joints, bedding planes and pores increase the surface area susceptible to weathering
Rock type - minerals composition affects the susceptibility to weathering by increasing or decreasing.
Vegetation - the more vegetation the more susceptible to weathering - organic matter decomposing into pH levels and roots breaking rock up.

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14
Q

Name rocks that are likely to have joints/bedding planes within?

A

Limestones
Sandstones

No bedding planes but joints = granite

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15
Q

Name the inputs of a river system?

A

Water - from run off, precipitation and ground water
Load - particulate (grains/gravel) and solute (calcium carbonate)
Human activity

16
Q

What is the store of a river?

A

The channel

17
Q

What are the outputs in a river system?

A

Water

Material

18
Q

Define “discharge”?

A

The amount if water flowing in the stream expressed as a volume of water flowing down a channel.

Measure in cubic metres per second / cumecs

19
Q

What processes occur in channels?

A 
Erosion = vertical (deepens the channel - corrasion), lateral (increases the width - hydraulic action) and headward erosion (increases the length
Transport = carrying material this does however have a stream capacity (total volume)
Deposition = which can shallow the gradient decreasing the velocity, decrease in the volume, an increase in the friction, or human obstructions such as a dam.
20
Q

What is the Hjulstrom curve?

A

It shows the velocity needed to erode, transport and deposit different sizes of grains of material

21
Q

Define channel flow?

A

The flow of water in a river channel is the result of a balance between force (i.e gravity - steam energy, it is potential energy converted into kinetic energy by the water movement) and friction (i.e energy lost as noise or thermal energy - can be 95% of the energy)

22
Q

What is the remaining energy in a river used for?

A

After 95% of energy is lost through heat or noise the remaining 5% is used for erosion on the banks and bed.

23
Q

What are the similarities and differences between laminar and turbulent flow?

A

Both velocities decrease the close to the bed
Laminar velocity reduces after the maximum near the top
Turbulent is in swirls
Laminar is in horizontal lines

24
Q

Explain the Bradshaw model?

A

It describes the changes in a rivers characteristics between its source and mouth

25
Q

Which variables increase upstream according to the Bradshaw Model?

A

Discharge
Occupied channel width
Water depth
Water velocity

26
Q

Which variables decrease upstream according to the Bradshaw Model?

A

Load particle size
Channel bed roughness
Slope angle

27
Q

What are the limitations of the Bradshaw Model?

A

Scale = source to mouth during field work you couldn’t see the changes specified within the area.
Reliable results = cannot reproduce smooth lines and hard to get average.
Flow condition = dangerous and the conditions might not be the same during field work.
Getting enough data = not enough data to prove validity.
Drainage basin variations = different characteristics (geology/climate).

28
Q

What is a long profile?

A

Gradient along the channel from source to mouth?
Typical one having similar geology throughout, long time to develop, no climate or sea level changes should be a concave shape = graded profile.

29
Q

Explain the River Severn?

A

Source at Plynlimon… Becomes a v shaped valley… Rapids at Hafren forest… Waterfall at Severn-Break-It-Neck in Hafren forest… UPPER COURSE Interlocking spurs in Hafren valley… Meanders and terraces at Golfrane Newton… MID COURSE… Meanders, cliffs, terraces, mid channels, point bars, oxbow lakes at Welshpool… Gorge at Iron Bridge, Telford… Terraces, meanders, river cliffs and flooding at Shrewsbury and Flood plains at Worchester.

30
Q

Name some landforms formed primarily by erosion?

A 
V shaped valleys
Graded stream profile
Waterfalls
Gorges
Potholes
31
Q

Name some landforms primarily formed by deposition?

A

Braided channels
Flood plains
Leeves
Deltas

32
Q

Name some landforms formed by both erosion and deposition?

A

Meanders

Oxbow lakes

33
Q

What landforms does the river Nile include?

A

Waterfalls
Deltas
Flood plains

34
Q

What landforms does the river Severn show?

A 
Interlocking spurs
V shaped valley
Gorges
Incised meanders and meanders
Oxbow lakes
River terraces
Levees

KAJ Geography AS (11 decks)

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