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Geography IGCSE > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Condensation

A

Gas turning liquid

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2
Q

Transpiration

A

Water evaporating from vegetation

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3
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid water turning to gas

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4
Q

Throughflow

A

Movement of water thru unsaturated ground

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5
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Movement of water thru saturated ground

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6
Q

Surface runoff

A

Water moving across surface

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7
Q

Interception

A

Object stops precipitation reaching ground beneath

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8
Q

Percolation

A

Water travels from unsaturated to saturated ground

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9
Q

Infiltration

A

Water travels from surface into ground

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10
Q

Drainage basin

A

Area of land drained

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11
Q

Catchment area

A

Area within drainage basin

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12
Q

Watershed

A

Edge of high land surrounding drainage basin, marks boundary between drainage basins

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13
Q

Source

A

Start of river

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14
Q

Confluence

A

Where 2 rivers or streams meet

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15
Q

Tributary

A

Stream joining larger river or stream

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16
Q

Mouth

A

End of river, usually sea

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17
Q

As we move downstream what increases

A

Discharge, occupied channel width, channel depth, average velocity, load quantity

18
Q

As we move downstream what decreases

A

Load particle size, channel bed roughness, slope gradient

19
Q

Hydraulic action erosion

A

Force of river on banks makes air trapped in cracks, pressure weakens and wears away banks

20
Q

Abrasion erosion

A

Rocks carried by river wear down banks

21
Q

Attrition erosion

A

Rocks carried by river hit each other and become smaller and smoother

22
Q

Solution or corrosion, erosion

A

Soluble particles dissolved into river

23
Q

Suspension

A

Fine sediment carried by river making it look muddy

24
Q

Traction

A

Larger pebbles and cobbles rolled along sea bed

25
Q

Solution (not erosion)

A

Dissolved material carried in solution so can’t see

26
Q

Saltation

A

Small pebbles moved when one pebble hits another making it bounce, chain reaction

27
Q

Pothole

A

Upper course, Rocks called grinders swept in small depressions and abrade, river water swirled irregularly making vertical eddies, continues enlarging pothole

28
Q

Waterfall

A

Upper course, Abrasion of soft rock, plunge pool made and waterfall made, hard rock undercuts and falls, repeating retreats waterfall, rocks fall in plunge pool

29
Q

Meanders

A

Where pools (deeper) and riffles (shallow), fast water in pools erode, slow water in riffle deposits, bend created, fast water moves to outside bend due to momentum and erodes, deposition from outside of bend to inside of next, when floods water cuts across neck, deposition in neck of ox-bow cuts it off

30
Q

Flood plain

A

Lower course, area river floods when exceed bank full discharge

31
Q

Alluvium

A

Lower course, mineral rich load deposited in flood plain

32
Q

Levee

A

Lower course, ridge of sediment deposited by river along banks by floods, larger sediment stays close to river so levee made

33
Q

Arcuate deltas

A

Land around rivermouth arches into sea and river splits many times creating fan effect; made by strong currents, lots of sediment, strong waves push it back making smooth beach, Nile

34
Q

Cuspate deltas

A

Just out like arrow into sea; made by river flowing into sea and crashing w/ waves so evenly spread sediment, Ebro

35
Q

Birds foot delta

A

River splits on ways to sea and each parts just out to sea like birds foot; made by sediment rich rivers but less waves, Mississippi

36
Q

Distributaries

A

Branch of river that doesn’t return to main

37
Q

Flocculation

A

Process by which solute comes out of solution like clay joining to make large clumps

38
Q

Causes of floods

A

More rain, impermeable rocks and soils, steeper land, deforestation, more road and building surfaces( buildings stop water and rivers redirect it), frozen ground or baked hard ground

39
Q

Flashy and fatter profile

A

Enhance floods and oppose floods

40
Q

Opportunities of living near river

A

Irrigation, household use, fishing, transport, tourism, building on flat land

Geography IGCSE (38 decks)

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