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G- P1 Physical E > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

The boundary of a drainage basin separating one drainage basin from another?

A

Water shed

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2
Q

A point where two streams or rivers meet

A

Confluence

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3
Q

The starting point of a stream or river, typically, upper course

A

Source

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4
Q

Area of land drained by a river

A

Drainage basin

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5
Q

The end of a river

A

Mouth

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6
Q

How fast the river is flowing

A

Velocity

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7
Q

The volume and speed at which water flows through the river channel

A

Discharge

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8
Q

The breakdown and decay of rock by natural processes, usually acting on the river valley sides

A

Weathering

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9
Q

The movement of rocks and soil downslope due to gravity, helped by weaker rocks, steep slopes and heavy rainfall. Mass movements can be very slow - only a few millimetres a year- or sudden and rapid.

A

Mass movement

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10
Q

Involves the action of water wearing away the rocks and soils on the valley bottom and sides

A

Erosion

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11
Q

Where a river picks up and carries material as it flows downstream

A

Transportation

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12
Q

When a river no longer has enough energy to carry its load, this occurs. As the river’s discharge and velocity reduce, the heaviest material is deposited first- for example, after flooding events

A

Deposition

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13
Q

This happens when rainwater enters cracks or gaps in the rock then freeze if temperatures drop below zero. The water expands as it turns into ice and then exerts pressure on the rock, causing it to break into smaller pieces.

A

Freeze-thaw

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14
Q

The roots of plants, especially trees, can grow into cracks in a rock and split the rock apart

A

Biological weathering

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15
Q

Rainwater contains weak acids that react with some types of rocks, for example, the carbonates in limestone are dissolved by these acids and the rock breaks up

A

Carbonation

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16
Q

Results from the sheer force of the water hitting the river bed and banks and wearing them away. This action is particularly important during high-velocity flows

A

Hydraulic action

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17
Q

When pebbles grind along the riverbank and bed in a sand-papering effect.

A

Abrasion

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18
Q

When rocks that the river is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

A

Attrition

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19
Q

When the water dissolves certain types of rocks, eg limestone.

A

Corrosion

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20
Q

Where the individual particles of soil move slowly down a slope from the force of gravity

A

rock-fall

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21
Q

Where material moves rapidly downslope in one go, for example, in a landslide. In a slump, the material often rotates as it moves.

A

Slumping

22
Q

Where masses of soil or rock, usually mixed with water, flow like liquid downhill.

A

Mud-flow.

23
Q

Name the 4 processes of erosion

A

Abrasion / corrasion
Corrosion
Hydraulic action
Attrition

24
Q

What is abrasion / corrasion

A

Sandpaper action

25
Q

What is corrosion

A

Dissolving

26
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

The sheer force of the water

27
Q

What is attrition

A

Colliding pebbles

28
Q

Name the 4 types of transportation (movement of material)

A

Traction,
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

29
Q

What is traction

A

Large boulders roll along riverbeds

30
Q

What is saltation

A

Small pebbles bounce / leaping

31
Q

What is suspension

A

Small particles float along surface

32
Q

What is solution

A

Dissolved sediment being carried

33
Q

Name the 3 types of weathering
(Natural processes that happen due to weather and climate )

A

Mechanical, chemical and biological

34
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw (expanding of rock as water enters then freezes)

35
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Acid rain, carbonation, reaction of rain dissolving which then decays the rock and land

36
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Plants roots forcing the rock to crack and break off, and the living part of the world for example animals, which nest, causing rock to wear away.

37
Q

What are the 3 types of mass movement

A

Rock fall, sliding and slumping

38
Q

What is rock fall

A

Rocks are caused to fall which travel down or with the water

39
Q

What is sliding

A

Sediment slides down a slope

40
Q

What is slumping

A

Soil/ sand moves down along a rock plain

41
Q

Where is the river source located

A

At the beginning of the upper course, the start of a river,

42
Q

Where are tributaries located and what are they

A

Tributaries are usually found in the middle course and are sub rivers conjoining the main, larger one.

43
Q

Where are watersheds found and what are they

A

Where water is drained

44
Q

Where are river basins found and what are they

A

The land either side of rivers

45
Q

Where is the river mouth located

A

At the end of a river, typically lower course and join the sea.

46
Q

Where is the sea / lake found

A

At the end of the river stream

47
Q

What are confluences and where are they found

A

Where a tributary meets a river channel

48
Q

What is a river channel and where are they found

A

They are the main body of water travelling in a direction.

49
Q

Describe the process of a waterfall forming

A

Water flows over hard rock on top of soft rock,
the soft rock erodes, creating an overhang, thereafter a plunge pool develops at the bottom where the overhang usually breaks off.

50
Q

Describe the process of an interlocking spur forming

A

Water flows around hard rock yet erodes soft rock so it is wobbly like.

51
Q

Describe the process of gorges forming

A

As waterfalls erode back it scars the side walls creating gorges

52
Q
A

G- P1 Physical E (19 decks)

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