river valley

Question 1

upper course

Answer 1

steep - v-shaped valley - steep sides - narrow, shallow channel

Question 2

middle course

Answer 2

medium gradient - gently sloping valley sides - wider, deeper channel

Question 3

lower course

Answer 3

gentle gradient - very wide - almost flat valley - very wide, deep channel

Question 4

how does vertical erosion change the cross profile of a river

Answer 4

deepens the river valley and channel making it v - shaped. dominant in the upper course - high turbulence causes the rough angular particles to be scraped along the river bed, causing intense downwards erosion

Question 5

how does lateral erosion change the cross profile of a river

Answer 5

widens the river valley and channel during the formation of meanders, dominant in the middle and lower course of the river

Question 6

how does the long profile and the cross profile vary over its course

Answer 6

long profile shows the change in gradient
rivers form channels and valleys as they flow downhill
they erode the landscape and transport eroded material to somewhere further along the course where it is deposited
the shape of the valley and channel changes along the river depending on whether erosion or depo is the dominant process
the cross profile shows you what the cross section of a river look like