river proccesses

Question 1

Transportation of rocks(suspension)

Answer 1

tiny particles of sediment

Question 2

Transportation of rocks(solution)

Answer 2

dissolved chemicals being carried

Question 3

Transportation of rocks(salutation)

Answer 3

smaller stones picked up and dropped again

Question 4

Transportation of rocks(traction)

Answer 4

large stones dragged across

Question 5

Erosion of the river bed(abrasion)

Answer 5

sand and pebbles dragged along the river wearing away the bed

Question 6

Erosion of the river bed(attrition)

Answer 6

rocks and stones wear each other as they knock together

Question 7

Erosion of the river bed(hydraulic action)

Answer 7

fast flowing water is forced into cracks

Question 8

Erosion of the river bed(solution)

Answer 8

alkaline are dissolved

Question 9

How water falls work

Answer 9

1) a bed of more resistant rock
2) erosion of less resistant rock by abrasion and hydraulic action
3) the rivers energy causes a plunge pool underneth
4) This creates a ledge that collapses
5) takes up new position leaving a gorge

Question 10

Features of the upper course

Answer 10

steep and narrow forming a v shaped valley, produces interlocking spurs which jut into the river valley

Question 11

weathering(biological)

Answer 11

small crack allow plant to grow and the roots push it apart

Question 12

weathering(physical)

Answer 12

physical force breaks rock like freeze thaw

Question 13

weathering(chemical)

Answer 13

chemical change

Question 14

mass movement

Answer 14

all process that cause rock material to move down slope

Question 15

mass movement(rapid)

Answer 15

landslides and mud flow fast flowing

Question 16

mass movement(slow)

Answer 16

soil creep caused by rain dislodging tiny soil particles

Question 17

shape of the valley is effected by

Answer 17

rate of weathering, mass movement and how quickly the river removes material

Question 18

Features of the middle course

Answer 18

gradient is gentler, discharge has increases(volume of water), Velocity increases due to smaller rocks, meanders, point bars, u shaped valley

Question 19

meanders how they are created

Answer 19

1) water flows in a helicodial flow
2) fastest current called the thalweg is forced to the outer bend
3) this creates a river cliff
4) helicodial flow shifts sediment to the other side here it is deposited to create a point bar
5) as river channel shifts it forms a flood plain

Question 20

lower course features

Answer 20

wide and deep, flat gradient, discharge is larger, low lying flood plain

Question 21

the channel of the lower course(how its made)

Answer 21

twice a day the incoming tide meets the outgoing tide and forces the river to stop depositing sediment
this forms a wide area called mudflats, some rivers drop so much it forms a delta

Question 22

natural levees

Answer 22

as a river reaches bankful it deposits sand and clay forming a natural barrier.

Question 23

artificial levees

Answer 23

built by engineers

Question 24

long profile

Answer 24

showing graidient

Question 25

cross profile

Answer 25

showing valley shape

Question 26

what is the interception zone

Answer 26

leaves and branches collect some rain water

Question 27

surface run off(how fast it happens)features

Answer 27

how much rain has recently fallen(antecedent rainfall) heavy rain(low infiltration high run off) shape of river basin

Question 28

throughflow

Answer 28

seeps into the river through soil air spaces

Question 29

groundwater flow

Answer 29

when water hits the the limit of saturation(water table)the water seeps as groundwater flow

Question 30

factors that influence hydrographs(land use change)

Answer 30

crops and buildings increase runoff

Question 31

factors that influence hydrographs(deforestation)

Answer 31

less plants for the interception zone

Question 32

hard engineering(flood walls)effectiveness/costs

Answer 32

fairly cheap disperse water quickly and can increase downstream risks depends on wall

Question 33

hard engineering(levees)effectiveness/costs

Answer 33

expensive increase flood risk down stream can fail by over topping 1million

Question 34

hard engineering(dredging)effectiveness/costs

Answer 34

needs to be done every year concrete lining is expensive £50000

Question 35

hard engineering(flood relief)effectiveness/costs

Answer 35

protects built up areas | £14 million

Question 36

soft engineering(flood plain reducing)effectiveness/costs

Answer 36

store flood water reduces flooding | 1.2 million

Question 37

soft engineering(river channel restoration)effectiveness/costs

Answer 37

improved ecology natural look | 1.2 million

Question 38

Sheffield(human causes)

Answer 38

surfaces are concrete drains were overwhelmed fallen trees blocked the loxey and don city council said they only prepared for 30 years not 35

Question 39

Sheffield(rivers and the landscape causes)

Answer 39

steep hills | foot of the pennines where the rivelin, loxey and don meet

Question 40

what are the summer set levels like

Answer 40

lowest lying areas during the last ice age it was covered with water its wetland with fertile soils also seven rivers drain into the levels

Question 41

physical causes of floods in summer set

Answer 41

``` high jet streams 6-10km 12 major storms more severe gales most rainfall more rainy days ```

Question 42

Sheffield(deaths and floods, power,company's)

Answer 42

``` two people 1200 homes flooded football club flooded 13000 without power shopping center was flooded ```

Question 43

what of the future flood risks

Answer 43

greater storminess longer lasting floods higher spring tides more storm surges

Question 44

dredging

Answer 44

digging the river deeper